全球钴矿资源特征及勘查研究进展

近年来,钴矿相关新兴产业方兴未艾,从新能源汽车的充电电池到喷气涡轮机中的超级合金,钴均是不可或缺的关键金属材料之一。文章介绍了全球钴矿类型及分布特征,着重对近年来全球钴矿的勘查、研究取得的进展进行了梳理和总结。迄今为止,全球钴资源主要来源于沉积岩容矿型层控Cu-Co矿床、红土型Ni-Co矿床和岩浆型Ni-Cu-Co矿床及热液、火山成因钴多金属矿床,但总体分布极不均衡。热液及火山成因Co多金属矿床多数以Co为主要金属,表现出较大的找矿的潜力。上述几种钴矿床大多与基性-超基性岩有着直接的或间接的成因联系。此外,还有大量的钴资源赋存在洋底Fe-Mn结核与结壳内。关于钴矿的成矿条件、构造背景与成矿机理等关键问题仍亟需开展进一步的研究工作,深入理解钴矿的成矿规律并建立行之有效的找矿模型,将为"新能源时代"钴矿的勘查和开发提供有效的支撑和指导。     

中国城市地质发展历程与特点——兼谈惠州城市地质发展前景

城市地质研究的缺失或滞后是阻碍城市发展的瓶颈之一。本文根据CNKI数据库中城市地质相关论文产出特点,结合城市化发展历程,将我国城市地质研究进程分为“蹒跚起步”、“夯实基础”、“摸清家底”、“全面发展”和“精准研究”五个阶段。结合惠州市城市发展中存在的问题,认为未来城市地质的发展应基于多因素城市地质综合调查,通过多学科融合,围绕城市地质安全、城市地质灾害监测、城市地质资源环境承载力评价、国土资源开发适宜性评价、城市地下空间资源开发利用及城市三维地质建模进行深入研究,为城市发展规划提供地质依据。     

大陆地壳演化时间维的确定及存在问题

在大陆地壳演化研究中，时间维的确定具有十分重要的意义。讨论了应用最广泛的Ｕ－Ｐｂ法和等时线法的适用性及存在的问题。指出对Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄研究过程中需要加强成因矿物学研究，而对等时线年龄必须根据基本原理对等时线进行合理性判别，以决定样品的取舍。以Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ法为代表，讨论了Ｓｍ－Ｎｄ等时线年龄和Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄所代表的地质内涵。最后对新疆近年来同位素年代学所取得的进展做了简要评述。     

Recent advances in structural control research and applications in China mainland

Abstrect The recent developments of theoretical research, model tests and engineering applications of structural control in mainland China are reviewed in this paper. It includes seismic isolation, passive energy dissipation, active and semi-active control, smart materials and smart structural systems. It can be seen that passive control methods, such as seismic isolation and energy dissipation methods, have developed into the mature stage in China. At the same time, great progress has been made in active and semi-active control, and smart actuators or smart dampers and smart structural systems. Finally, some future research initiatives for structural control in civil engineering are suggested. Supported by : National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50025821)     

成矿流体及成矿机制

近十几年来，流体包裹体（ＦＩ）研究有重大进展，尤其在单个ＦＩ成分分析方面。激光拉曼微探针、扫描质子微探针（ＰＩＸＥ）和同步加速器Ｘ－射线荧光分析（ＸＲＦ）及一些质谱测定法的应用与发展，能较精确地测定单个ＦＩ成分。已有可能对ＦＩ中最重要的参数——重金属元素进行较精确测定。这些成就加上超微矿物学等方面的进展，可为解决矿床成因、找矿标志和成矿规律及找矿勘探提供可靠资料。叙述了一些国家在ＦＩ研究方面的进展与发展趋势。     

绿岩带型金矿研究的进展

本文介绍了近年来国外绿岩型带金矿在成矿模式，构造控制，成矿物化条件研究方向的某些进展，我国绿岩带与国外经典绿岩带有一定的差异，因而表现在成矿作用上也独树一帜，初步提出我国绿岩带型金矿研究中应注意的问题。     

Genesis of the Kapuskasing (Ontario) migmatitic mafic granulites by dehydration melting of amphibolite: the importance of quartz to reaction progress

Migmatitic, granulite-grade mafic gneisses make up a significant part of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone (KSZ), Ontario. Although they contain a common mineral assemblage [hornblende (Hbl)+plagioclase (Pl)+diopside (Di)±garnet (Grt)+quartz (Qtz)±titanite (Ttn)], the mafic gneisses show wide variations in modal mineralogy from hornblende-rich to diopside+garnet-rich varieties and all gradations between. Up to 25 vol.% segregated plagioclase+quartz-rich (trondhjemitic) leucosome (Tdh) is intimately associated with the mafic gneiss, occurring in a continuum of patches, veins and transecting dykes at scales ranging from decimetres to micrometres. The texture and composition of the leucosome, combined with P-T estimates for the host rocks above the solidus, suggest it represents crystallized trondhjemitic melt. Quartz is mainly restricted to the segregated leucosomes but more rarely occurs in a variety of interstitial textures in the mafic gneiss, suggesting that it crystallized from a melt phase rather than having been present as a solid phase at peak metamorphic conditions. Modal and textural data indicate a reaction relationship of the form: Hbl+Pl(+Qtz?)=Grt+Di+Ttn+leucosome (Tdh), implying that the granulite-forming process involved dehydration melting of an amphibolite protolith. Pressure-temperature estimates from Grt+Di+Pl+Qtz geothermobarometry are 9 kbar and 685-735 °C; however, based on experimental studies of dehydration melting of amphibolite, we estimate that peak conditions were closer to 11 kbar, 850 °C. Mass balance analysis, using the technique of singular value decomposition, and reaction space analysis were used to quantify the reaction and to determine the controls on reaction progress. The following mass balance provides a model for the natural reaction:1.00 Hbl+0.92 Pl+3.76 Qtz=1.14 Grt+1.54 Di+0.21 Ttn+1.49 Tdh+0.14 ‘pg’+0.39 Fe_?1Mg+0.33 NaSiCa_?1Al_?1where ‘pg’ is a pargasite-like exchange. In all model mass balances tested, quartz is a reactant with a large coefficient. We argue that the abundance of quartz in the amphibolite protolith was the primary control on the differing extents of reaction observed. Mineral compositional variation exerted a secondary control on reaction progress, with Fe-richer layers containing An-richer plagioclase and more actinolitic amphibole reacting earliest (i.e. at lowest temperatures). Comparison of the calculated amount of melt produced in the gneisses with that now observed implies expulsion of 5–30% of the melt. These volumes are similar to those predicted from REE modelling of Archaean tonalities and trondhjemites from a garnet amphibolite source, suggesting that the KSZ mafic gneisses may be representative of partially depleted source rocks for trondhjemite-tonalite generation.     

脉状金矿成矿流体研究：现状与进展

以大量国内外脉状金矿成矿流体研究资料为基础，本文介绍并综合评述了成矿流体成分、性质和来源三方面的研究现状与进展，指出全球性脉状金矿成矿流体成分惊人的一致性可能会对脉状金矿成矿流体来源和成矿机制的认识产生深刻的影响，把相同构造背景下一组脉状金矿床作为一个统一的群体去研究它们的形成、演化可能是脉状金矿成因研究的一个趋势。     

环境岩土工程问题综述

环境岩土工程问题综述（续）袁建新（中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所，４３００７１）４溶质传输问题饱和介质内溶质的传输是环境岩上力学与工程中的一个重要理论研究课题。一切有害废料对人类生活环境构成威协的原因之一，就是由于废料中的有害物质通过空气或水流迁移传送...