城镇化系列咨询研究进展与影响

2014年3月,国家印发《新型城镇化规划（2014-2020年）》,标志着中国城镇化发展的重大转型,将城镇化重点转向实现“人的城镇化”。国家城镇化政策转型离不开多学科众多学者长期以来针对城镇化开展研究探索的集体智慧的推动,中国科学院学部牵头完成的城镇化系列咨询报告是标志性成果之一,在城镇化政策转型中发挥了作用。回顾城镇化系列咨询研究的主要内容,以及对国家相关部委产生的工作推动与影响。认为人文与经济地理学要积极承担国家智库和思想库功能,加强基础研究以支撑决策咨询研究,城镇化是地理学综合研究的重要内容,新型城镇化为学科发展提供了广阔空间。同时,科技工作者要有强烈责任感与科学精神。     

中国油气化探50年

分探索、调整、发展、创新4个时期回顾了20世纪中国油气化探的发展历程。根据所掌握的文献和资料,就基础理论与应用基础研究、勘查方法与技术系列建立、分析技术改进与推动作用、数据处理与解释的进展,对中国油气化探的发展做了技术评述。就油气化探发展的经验与教训阐述了笔者的观点。     

IRBs as Asset for Ethics Education in Geography

This article frames the research ethics review process conducted by institutional review boards (IRBs) as an opportunity to enrich the education of geographers. Student participation in the IRB process enhances the education of geographers at the undergraduate and graduate levels in two key ways. Geographers can use participation in this process to demonstrate the relevance of a disciplinary code of ethics to professional practice. More important, such participation helps learners, particularly novices, conceptualize research as an ongoing process of intentional inquiry, in which the protection of research participants is vigilantly observed.     

生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题

由于生态系统服务的多样性、空间分布的不均衡性以及人类使用的选择性,在人为活动和自然因素作用下,服务之间的关系出现了此消彼长的权衡、相互增益的协同等变化。理解服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,对于制定区域发展与生态保护"双赢"的政策措施具有重要意义。从相互作用与联系、类型与形成机制、研究方法与工具、尺度效应以及不确定性等方面评述了生态系统服务权衡与协同的国内外研究进展和局限性,并对研究趋势进行了展望。在此基础上,提出从地理学视角研究生态系统服务权衡与协同的主要议题,包括服务供需的时空异质性、权衡与协同的形成机制、尺度依存和区域差异等。可为拓展生态系统服务权衡与协同研究的深度和广度,提升地理学综合研究水平提供借鉴与参考。     

Hydrological response characteristics of Mediterranean catchments at different time scales: a meta-analysis

ABSTRACT

This work examines 140 hydrological studies conducted in the Mediterranean region. It identifies key characteristics of the hydrological responses of Mediterranean catchments at various time scales and compares different methods and modelling approaches used for individual-catchment studies. The study area is divided into the northwestern (NWM), eastern (EM) and southern (SM) Mediterranean. The analysis indicates regional discrepancies in which the NWM shows the most extreme rainfall regime. A tendency for reduced water resources driven by both anthropogenic and climatic pressures and a more extreme rainfall regime are also noticeable. Catchments show very heterogeneous responses over time and space, resulting in limitations in hydrological modelling and large uncertainties in predictions. However, few models have been developed to address these issues. Additional studies are necessary to improve the knowledge of Mediterranean hydrological features and to account for regional specificities.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor A. Efstratiadis     

On a PUB methodology from Chinese lessons

Abstract

Based on a Chinese saying: “Even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice”, a simple categorization of the methods for Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) is proposed, including: Borrowing, obtaining hydrological information by transplanting measurements from a similar basin, or extrapolating/interpolating the data from neighbouring catchments; Substituting, finding substitutes either from the ungauged basin or from donating area(s); and Generating, obtaining data via field or laboratory observations. The Substituting category is classified further into: S1, substitution only from within the ungauged basin using fully process-based models without calibration; S2-1, from similar gauged basins using established index/distribution; S2-2, from various gauged basins using regression and/or process-based relationships between the climate/catchment features and hydrological signatures (CCH), and S3, from the information beyond the CCH relationship. Based on a review, the Darwinian S2-2 and Newtonian S1 were found to be the two most popular methods, both for China and worldwide PUB.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

国际地球化学研究现状与发展前沿——国际地球化学大会Goldschmidt 2011印象

对国际地球化学大会Goldschmidt 2011的基本情况、5个大会主题报告和23个分会报告作了较详细介绍与评述。这5个大会主题报告是:地幔中的挥发组分对板内岩浆作用的影响,地球深部挥发组分的循环:从远古到现代,利用地球化学信息研究末次冰川消退及其对河流的影响,外星大气:一个由热到可居住的世界,深海中的微生物群落与甲烷氧化作用。23个分会报告包括:宇宙化学,行星形成;早期地球:从地核到大气;地球深部动力学及其演化;从地幔至地壳:洋脊与板内岩浆活动;大陆壳的形成及演化;循环:俯冲,地幔楔与弧火山作用;地球环境演化;从纳米到大陆尺度界面与界面过程;火山与自然灾害地球化学;地球资源:能源;地球资源:矿;气候变化;大气气溶胶的源、汇及影响;风化、气候、构造与地表过程;海洋大气:过去与现在;人类活动产生的地球化学影响;生物地球化学:从微生物到宏观与循环;分析技术前沿;计算地球化学前沿;矿物学与矿物物理学前沿;水文地球化学与全球水资源可持续发展;一般主题;特别议题。文章重点阐述了国际地球化学目前的研究现状、热点领域、未来发展方向三个方面。对生物地球化学的研究现状与发展趋势作了专题评述。     

冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究进展

冰川和积雪是冰冻圈的重要组成部分,在全球或区域气候系统中起着极其重要的作用.开展冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究,是研究冰冻圈物理过程及其对气候系统反馈作用的必然需求,也是研究冰川/积雪对气候变化响应的有效手段,同时还可为全球(区域)气候和水文模式提供冰川/积雪面的地表特征参数.近一个世纪以来,在冰川/积雪面辐射特征、能量通量计算方法和平衡特征等方面开展了许多观测试验和理论研究,并取得了卓有成效的研究结果.但是在准确获取辐射通量、研发普适性较强的反照率参数化方案、复杂地形条件下能量通量的计算,以及发展分布式能量平衡模式等方面尚存在许多不确定性,仍面临许多技术难点,也是未来的研究重点.     

南极数值天气预报应用与研究进展

多个业务化的全球预报模式和有限区域预报模式应用于南极地区,已经成为南极天气预报和南极气候诊断研究的主要工具.现今南极地区的数值天气预报模式在模拟南极大气环流和天气系统方面性能不够理想,原因是多方面的:南极天气气候的特殊性(包括边界层的参数化、中尺度气旋等)、模式对南极复杂地形的描述不够充分、由于缺乏观测资料而使得模式的...     

Are we adapting to climate change?

Human systems will have to adapt to climate change. Understanding of the magnitude of the adaptation challenge at a global scale, however, is incomplete, constrained by a limited understanding of if and how adaptation is taking place. Here we develop and apply a methodology to track and characterize adaptation action; we apply these methods to the peer-reviewed, English-language literature. Our results challenge a number of common assumptions about adaptation while supporting others: (1) Considerable research on adaptation has been conducted yet the majority of studies report on vulnerability assessments and natural systems (or intentions to act), not adaptation actions. (2) Climate change is rarely the sole or primary motivator for adaptation action. (3) Extreme events are important adaptation stimuli across regions. (4) Proactive adaptation is the most commonly reported adaptive response, particularly in developed nations. (5) Adaptation action is more frequently reported in developed nations, with middle income countries underrepresented and low-income regions dominated by reports from a small number of countries. (6) There is limited reporting on adaptations being developed to take advantage of climate change or focusing on women, elderly, or children.