Trophic Status of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea: A Comparison of Coastal and Open Areas

Primary production, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (incl. chlorophyll a) and water transparency (Secchi depth), are important indicators of eutrophication. Earlier basin-wide primary production estimates for the Baltic Sea, a shallow shelf sea, were based mainly on open-sea data, neglecting the fundamentally different conditions in the large river plumes, which might have substantially higher production. Mean values of the period 1993–1997 of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and silicate), phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration, turbidity and primary production were calculated in the plumes of the rivers Oder, Vistula and Daugava and Klaipeda Strait as well as the open waters of the Arkona Sea, Bornholm Sea, eastern Gotland Sea and the Gulf of Riga. In the plumes, these values, except for primary production, were significantly higher than in the open waters. N:P ratios in the plumes were >16 (with some exceptions in summer and autumn), indicating potential P-limitation of phytoplankton growth, whereas they were <16 in the open Baltic Proper, indicating potential N-limitation. On the basis of in situ phytoplankton primary production, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations, the large river plumes and the Gulf of Riga could be characterized as eutrophic and the outer parts of the coastal waters and the open sea as mesotrophic. Using salinity to define the border of the plumes, their mean extension was calculated by means of a circulation model. Taking into account the contribution of coastal waters, the primary production in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Riga was 42·6 and 4·3×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹, respectively. Hence, an annual phytoplankton primary production in the whole Baltic Sea was estimated at 62×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹. The separate consideration of the plumes had only a minor effect on the estimation of total primary production in comparison with an estimate based on open sea data only. There is evidence for a doubling of primary production in the last two decades. Moreover, a replacement of diatoms by dinoflagellates during the spring bloom was noticed in the open sea but not in the coastal waters. A scheme for trophic classification of the Baltic Sea, based on phytoplankton primary production and biomass, chl a and nutrient concentrations, is proposed.     

Toward a Typology of Changes in Primary Teachers' Awareness of Geography Based on Receiving Graduate Education

This study illuminates the effects of graduate education on primary teachers' awareness of geography. Data were collected through interviews with twenty-one teachers who held M.A. or Ph.D. degrees in geography and analyzed using Straussian-grounded theory. The participants were categorized into four types. Many teachers (type A) showed meaningful refinement in their awareness of geography, and some of them (type B and C) identified themselves as experts in primary geography. However, a few participants (type D) showed only marginal development of their geographic knowledge. These results suggest the potential for improvements to graduate education in primary geography and for primary teachers.     

琼东南盆地深水区源—储共控的天然气成藏模式

琼东南盆地深水区天然气成藏过程复杂。通过开展区域构造—沉积演化、烃源岩—储层识别评价及油气运聚等多方法的综合性研究,明确了中央拗陷天然气来源、优势成藏组合及区带。研究表明,崖城组三角洲的发育规模及古地貌控制了煤系和陆源海相烃源岩的分布,形成了生气为主、油气兼生的渐新统陆源海相烃源岩;受早渐新世三角州分布、中中新世以来沉积充填速率及水深变化的控制,预测中央坳陷南斜坡及松南低凸起区优质烃源岩规模更大,且储层在相同的海拔深度条件下,相比北部陡坡带势能较低,油气输导能力更佳。深水区崖城组优质海相烃源岩、大型三角州砂岩输导体及低流体势区的耦合分布控制了天然气初次运移的优势方向,中央坳陷南部斜坡及低凸起是下一步大中型气田的突破方向。     

Environmental influence on phytoplankton production during summer on the KwaZulu-Natal shelf of the Agulhas ecosystem

During February 2010, studies of primary production (PP) and physiology were conducted at five selected sites in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight of the Agulhas ecosystem as part of a programme to elucidate the influence of major physical driving forces and nutrient inputs on the structure and functioning of biological communities. These sites were located in the vicinity of the Durban lee eddy, in the midshelf region of the central part of the bight, off the Thukela Mouth, and to the north and south of Richards Bay. At four of the sites, chlorophyll a ranged from 0.10 to 1.44?mg m–3 and integrated PP ranged between 0.35 and 2.58?g C m–² d–1. The highest biomass and PP, which were comparable to those observed in a wind-driven upwelling system, were associated with a diatom community observed at the midshelf site, and varied between 0.26 and 4.27?mg m–³ and 7.22 and 9.89?g C m–² d–1, respectively. Environmental conditions at each of the sites differed substantially and appeared to be influential in initiating and controlling the development and distribution of phytoplankton biomass and production. Phytoplankton adaptation to variable environmental conditions was characterised by a decreased light-limited slope (αB) and increased rate of photosynthesis (P_m ) and light saturation (Ek) with elevated temperatures. The converse (increased α^B and decreased P_m and Ek) was observed as irradiance levels declined. Generalised additive models indicated that irradiance, temperature and biomass were important variables influencing photosynthetic parameters and photosynthetic rates.     

柴达木地块北缘南北沟岩体地球化学特征及成矿前景

南北沟岩体位于柴达木地块北缘,出露面积4.5km2。岩石主要类型有淡色辉长岩、辉长岩、暗色辉长岩,各岩石类型之间多为过渡关系,局部呈侵入接触。主量元素化学组成属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩石相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,明显亏损Nb、Ta。岩体原生岩浆属于高镁拉斑玄武岩(MgO质量分数为11.1%),在岩浆演化过程中遭受了一定程度中—上地壳物质的同化混染作用。岩体形成于古岛弧环境,是早古生代柴达木地块向祁连地块俯冲过程的产物。从岩浆分异程度、原生岩浆性质、同化混染等方面综合评价认为,南北沟岩体具有较好的铜镍硫化物矿床成矿潜力。     

山东省金刚石原生矿地质特征和成矿规律浅析

金刚石具有优异的物理化学性能,是新兴产业发展的重要原材料.金刚石是山东省的优势矿种之一,目前对于山东省金刚石原生矿的成矿时代还存在许多争论.通过对山东省金刚石原生矿地质特征进行系统阐述,对其空间分布规律、成矿地质条件、成矿时代等方面进行探讨,总结认为:山东蒙阴3个金刚石原生矿岩带(常马岩带、西峪岩带和坡里岩带)的中心点...     

Equilibrium trading of climate and weather risk and numerical simulation in a Markovian framework

We consider financial markets with agents exposed to external sources of risk caused, for example, by short-term climate events such as the South Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies widely known by the name El Nino. Since such risks cannot be hedged through investments on the capital market alone, we face a typical example of an incomplete financial market. In order to make this risk tradable, we use a financial market model in which an additional insurance asset provides another possibility of investment besides the usual capital market. Given one of the many possible market prices of risk, each agent can maximize his individual exponential utility from his income obtained from trading in the capital market, the additional security, and his risk-exposure function. Under the equilibrium market-clearing condition for the insurance security the market price of risk is uniquely determined by a backward stochastic differential equation. We translate these stochastic equations via the Feynman–Kac formalism into semi-linear parabolic partial differential equations. Numerical schemes are available by which these semilinear pde can be simulated. We choose two simple qualitatively interesting models to describe sea surface temperature, and with an ENSO risk exposed fisher and farmer and a climate risk neutral bank three model agents with simple risk exposure functions. By simulating the expected appreciation price of risk trading, the optimal utility of the agents as a function of temperature, and their optimal investment into the risk trading security we obtain first insight into the dynamics of such a market in simple situations.

郑汴都市区一次能源消费的碳排放变化及机理

城市发展面临着向低碳生态转型的挑战,探析城市一次能源消费的碳排放变化及机理是郑汴都市区低碳生态化研究的基点。采用LMDI分析法对2000~2009年间郑汴都市区化石能源碳排放变化、2004~2007年间一次能源碳排放与主要农作物碳吸收变化机理进行研究,构建低碳发展判别函数进一步辨析郑汴都市区产业低碳发展的类型与方向。结果发现：郑汴都市区的碳排放量逐年增加,但两市的增长速度与方式有所不同;碳排放量是在经济发展水平与人口规模、能源强度与能源结构、种植结构、播种面积及产出强度等7个因子相互作用下变化的,经济发展水平的提高是促进碳排放增加的显著因素,能源强度、播种面积和产出强度的增加是抑制碳排放的显著因素;郑汴都市区的产业错位发展有利于消减碳排放总量,但多种产业的产能和结构亟待提高与调整。郑汴城市复合生态系统之间的低碳耦合发展路径、各子系统之间的相互作用机理是应继续深入的方向。     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力变化特征——基于过程模型和遥感模型的评估结果

净初级生产力（NPP）作为生态系统物质与能量循环的基础,是区域和全球尺度碳循环和碳收支研究的重要组成部分。研究区域和全球尺度的净初级生产力主要依靠模型手段实现,过程和遥感模型是目前广泛使用的两种模型形式。本文搜集并整理了基于过程模型和遥感模型对我国陆地生态系统净初级生产力的模拟结果,分析了中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力的时间变化及对未来气候变化的响应特征,旨在对其进行综合评价。结果表明,中国陆地生态系统NPP平均为（2.828±0.827）PgC.a-1。1982-1998年的年际变化特征上,NPP平均每年增加0.027 PgC,年增长率为1.07%,总体上呈现在波动中逐年上升的趋势。不同植被类型的单位面积NPP总体表现为常绿阔叶林显著高于其他植被类型,但不同研究结果间变化范围很大;落叶针叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶阔叶林相差较小;农作物低于阔叶林,但高于针叶林;草地和荒漠均位于低值区,但前者显著高于后者。不同植被类型的NPP总量总体表现为农作物和草地位居前两位,两者之和高达各植被类型NPP总量之和的58.34%;除灌丛和常绿针叶林外,其余植被类型均不足总量的10%。在未来气候情景下,中国陆地生态系统NPP总体上可能表现为先增加后减小的趋势。     

西秦岭寨上金矿地球化学特征及其找矿意义

通过对寨上金矿区30余个钻孔10种元素化探数据利用GEOEXPL软件进行处理统计,在SURFER及MAPGIS软件平台作图,并对寨上金矿床地质、地球化学异常及其元素轴向分带规律的综合研究,建立了该矿床的地质-地球化学找矿标志及其找矿模型,以期为矿床外围及深部找矿评价提供地球化学依据。