大量气象数据小文件自适应优化传输

为满足气象实时资料传输中大量气象数据小文件的高时效传输需求,对其中的数据传输服务进行优化,提出一种基于实时网络状况的自适应数据传输优化方法。该方法采用优化网络传输协议并使用文件压缩技术,通过获取网络传输线路上的实时参数,实时调整压缩参数和网络传输参数以优化传输性能。在自适应压缩时,通过试验分析和归纳,确立了气象数据小文件标准为文件小于50 KB;根据网络实时状况,设计了基于实时网络状况自适应调整压缩等级的算法。在自适应传输参数调优中,研究了TCP缓冲区大小和TCP并发连接数在GridFTP协议中的重要性,针对实时网络状况,分别设计了自适应调整TCP缓冲区大小和TCP并发连接数的算法,算法提升传输性能65%。对以上提出各自适应参数调整算法进行试验验证表明,融合压缩和网络传输的自适应调优方法能显著提升气象小数据文件的传输性能近500倍。     

The potential of the greenness and radiation (GR) model to interpret 8-day gross primary production of vegetation

Remote sensing of vegetation gross primary production (GPP) is an important step to analyze terrestrial carbon (C) cycles in response to changing climate. The availability of global networks of C flux measurements provides a valuable opportunity to develop remote sensing based GPP algorithms and test their performances across diverse regions and plant functional types (PFTs). Using 70 global C flux measurements including 24 non-forest (NF), 17 deciduous forest (DF) and 29 evergreen forest (EF), we present the evaluation of an upscaled remote sensing based greenness and radiation (GR) model for GPP estimation. This model is developed using enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and land surface temperature (LST) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and global course resolution radiation data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Model calibration was achieved using statistical parameters of both EVI and LST fitted for different PFTs. Our results indicate that compared to the standard MODIS GPP product, the calibrated GR model improved the GPP accuracy by reducing the root mean square errors (RMSE) by 16%, 30% and 11% for the NF, DF and EF sites, respectively. The standard MODIS and GR model intercomparisons at individual sites for GPP estimation also showed that GR model performs better in terms of model accuracy and stability. This evaluation demonstrates the potential use of the GR model in capturing short-term GPP variations in areas lacking ground measurements for most of vegetated ecosystems globally.     

Mapping and modelling trade-offs and synergies between grazing intensity and ecosystem services in rangelands using global-scale datasets and models

Vast areas of rangelands across the world are grazed with increasing intensity, but interactions between livestock production, biodiversity and other ecosystem services are poorly studied. This study explicitly determines trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and livestock grazing intensity on rangelands. Grazing intensity and its effects on forage utilization by livestock, carbon sequestration, erosion prevention and biodiversity are quantified and mapped, using global datasets and models. Results show that on average 4% of the biomass produced annually is consumed by livestock. On average, erosion prevention is 10% lower in areas with a high grazing intensity compared to areas with a low grazing intensity, whereas carbon emissions are more than four times higher under high grazing intensity compared to low grazing intensity. Rangelands with the highest grazing intensity are located in the Sahel, Pakistan, West India, Middle East, North Africa and parts of Brazil. These high grazing intensities result in carbon emissions, low biodiversity values, low capacity for erosion prevention and unsustainable forage utilization. Although the applied models simplify the processes of ecosystem service supply, our study provides a global overview of the consequences of grazing for biodiversity and ecosystem services. The expected increasing future demand for livestock products likely increase pressures on rangelands. Global-scale models can help to identify targets and target areas for international policies aiming at sustainable future use of these rangelands.     

熔融制样波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定白云石中钙镁硅铁铝

白云石属碳酸盐矿物,应用熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定其中主次量组分钙、镁、硅、铁、铝时,由于白云石灼烧减量大,在试料片制备过程中,如果以干基试料制备试料片,除灼烧减量外还有少量其他组分被分解出的大量CO₂带走,导致试料损失,测定结果偏低;如果以灼烧基试料制备试料片,由于灼烧后的试料极易吸收空气中的水分和CO₂,同样使测定结果偏低。基于质量守恒原理,本文直接以灼烧减量测量后的灼烧基试料质量作为试料量(即灼烧减量测定所称量的干基试料量扣除灼烧减量的量),以四硼酸锂为熔剂,5%碘化铵溶液为脱模剂,试料与熔剂的稀释比为1:10,于1050℃熔融15 min以上制备的试料片透彻、玻璃化程度高。以白云石标准物质和标准样品作为标准试料,制作各组分的标准曲线的相关系数在0.9940~0.9994之间;方法检出限为0.011%~0.48%;标准物质和标准样品的测定值与认定值基本一致,各组分的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在0.5%~1.7%之间,方法具有较好的重现性。本方法以1050℃灼烧后的试样作为试料制备XRF分析样片,最大限度地降低了灼烧减量因素(空气中的水分和CO₂)对测定结果的影响,适用于白云石及其煅烧物中钙、镁、硅、铁、铝等组分的同时测定。     

Pore orientation of granular materials during biaxial compression

The local pore spaces in granular materials tend to be aligned parallel to the major principal stress direction upon particle mobilization. Manifestation of this response has been numerically validated in our previous studies with the aid of discrete element method modeling and image processing techniques during creep and shearing. We now extend the modeling of pore geometry, constructed with spherical particles, to assemblies of particle clumps. Two-dimensional simulations are performed for both loose and dense assemblies of spherical particles and particle clumps. Each particle packing is bound by rigid or flexible walls and subjected to biaxial compression and the particle mobilization effect on the evolution of pore orientation is explored. Randomly shaped pores surrounded by adjacent particles are geometrically quantified by Delaunay tessellation and fitted with ellipses. Results show that localization is apparent in dense assemblies, in particular for clumped particle packing, while loose assemblies exhibit diffusive failure. Small pores within well-defined shear bands tend to align either parallel to the direction of the shear band or perpendicular to the major principal stress. On the other hand, small pores within the blocks and large pores have a tendency to become elongate towards the major principal stress direction. This study reveals for the first time that pore orientation is dependent upon particle shape, pore size, and assembly conditions on the pore and global scales.     

三轴应力状态下盐岩强度分析探讨

通过分析盐岩在三轴应力状态下的变形,说明了较高围压下盐岩的大变形特性,提出了三轴应力状态下,利用轴向荷载除以试件初始横截面面积得到应力-应变关系存在的问题,据此对工程应变和对数应变进行了分析和对比,阐明了这两种应变的适用条件,并开展了不同围压下的试验测试和对试验结果对比分析。研究揭示了应利用对数应变分析盐岩的大变形特性和对变形后的应力进行修正,得到了盐岩的工程应变和对数应变均可表示为围压的线性函数,围压为20 MPa时的轴向压缩变形量是5 MPa时的3.09倍。围压越高,对数应变修正得到的最大轴向应力与不修正的差值越大,用对数应变修正后的轴向应力低于不修正的结果,围压达到20 MPa时,前者仅为后者的63.85%。     

烃气测量法在辽宁白云金矿找矿潜力评价中的应用

通过对辽宁白云金矿区典型的Ⅰ-1号金矿体11线的地表及井下不同标高进行系统采样,分析各指标异常在空间上与金矿体之间的对应关系,弄清白云地区地表土壤次生晕与坑道原生晕的关联性,发现烃气测量法在辽宁景观条件下完全适用,总结出了本区进行找矿预测的地质和地球化学找矿标志。通过对姚家岭北部地区进行烃类组分及部分微量元素异常展布特征分析,并结合异常分布区的地质条件进行了综合找矿潜力评价,圈定了相关找矿有利区。     

微地震监测数据压缩技术

微地震监测数据海量,给数据的长距离实时无线传输带来了很多困难,而且还占用很多磁盘空间。笔者首先采用自适应阈值的STA/LTA算法,选取合适的特征函数,从海量的监测数据中自动快速准确地识别微地震有效信号;然后准确确定有效信号的起止时间,完整地截取有效信号的波形数据,去除大量冗余数据,使得数据减少为原来的20%以下;最后再采用STEIM2算法对截取后的有效信号进行压缩,使监测数据的压缩比达到10∶1。研究结果表明:该方法能够通过去除冗余数据和无损压缩,大幅减少微地震监测数据的传输量,使得最终的数据仅为原数据的10%,从而减少了微地震监测数据的长距离无线实时传输困难,同时也减少数据存储所需要的磁盘空间,取得了较好的应用效果。     

福建省紫金山铜金矿床原生晕地球化学特征及深部找矿前景

通过系统采集紫金山铜金矿床4~11线共41个钻孔的岩矿样,绘制原生晕剖面图,建立垂向元素分带序列、矿体剥蚀程度准则,结合深部指示元素的特征,进行隐伏矿预测。该矿床金矿近矿晕为Au-Ag-Zn1,尾部晕为BiGa-Mo-Sn-Ti-Co-Ni-W1-V;铜矿前缘晕为Hg-Sb-As,近矿晕为Cu-Pb1-Zn2,尾部晕为Be-W2。矿体剥蚀程度评价表明,高硫型铜矿体往深部已尖灭。深部F-Mn-Pb2-Zn3的异常形态和元素组合符合典型斑岩矿床的外带特征,斑岩体延伸至矿床周边;深部的蚀变矿物组合、金属矿物组合、流体包裹体特征等均表明深部可能存在斑岩铜(钼)矿床。     

Content Variations of Rubidium and Bromide in Sylvite Derived from Carnallite by Leaching of Magnesium Chloride

正The relationship between sylvinite and carnallite is important in the potash mine body contained carnallite,especially sylvinite overlies carnallite,the reverse of a normal depositional sequence.Trace elements are more