广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长的协调关系实证研究

环境与经济的关系是社会发展中不可忽视的重要问题。文章基于环境库茨涅兹理论构建广东沿海经济带主要海洋污染物排放量与人均GDP的线性回归模型,探索海洋环境随经济增长的变化规律,并采用熵变方程法进一步描述海洋环境与经济增长的协调关系。研究结果表明:广东沿海经济带以第二和第三产业为主导,经济增长速度快,但海洋污染物排放量逐年增加,其中珠三角是海洋污染物排放的主体区域;广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长的EKC曲线因主要海洋污染物类别和地区的差异而呈现线型、"倒U"型、"N"型和"倒N"型等不同形式,整体海洋环境污染与人均GDP的拟合趋势表现为单调递增的线性变化,海洋环境污染程度随经济增长而显著加剧;广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长处于严重不协调状态,经济增长与海洋环境质量的变化方向相反;亟须优化调整广东沿海经济带的产业分工布局,强化海洋环境保护制度保障,构建和完善海洋环境与经济增长的协调机制。     

胶州湾的环境演变及可持续利用

分析了近50a来胶州湾水域形态和水质污染的演变情况及其原因;提出了胶州湾环境与资源可持续性利用的战略对策。     

青岛湾有机质污染带小型底栖生物群落的研究

本文是1990年6月至10月,对青岛湾东侧有机质污染潮间带的小型底栖动物群落的研究结果。结果指出海洋线虫与多毛类小头虫的数量消长完全一致,它们保持着共栖或互利的共生关系。共鉴定出海洋线虫20种,其中6种占总丰度的90％。依据种类组成计算的Simpsion和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,以及线虫与桡足类、小头虫与其他多毛类的数量比值指明,该有机质污染带正向着半污染带过渡。     

利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件计算分析

建立了深圳河非恒定流数学模型，模型中考虑了过闸水头突变的计算方法，采用拉格朗日法研究深圳河上游的罗芳污水处理厂和滨河污水处理厂所排出污水沿深圳河的运动过程，计算分析了利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件。结果表明，深圳河口建闸3种不同调控方案下污水运移至深圳河口的总时间有所增加，这对于减轻深圳河的污染情况不利；从大鹏湾抽调清水以增加上游来水量则会大大缩短污水运移至深圳河口的时间，从而减轻深圳河的污染状况。     

土壤中镉、铜伤害对水稻光谱特性的影响

本文讨论了水稻受重金属镉和铜污染伤害后的光谱反射特性的变化,为遥感监测污染提供基本依据。使用高分辨率光谱辐射计在自然状态下实地测量了受污染的水稻光谱特性,比采集叶片在室内测量更接近于实际情况,便于结合遥感图像进行定性和定量分析研究。 结果表明,镉和铜拌土生长的水稻在分蘖期受到的影响最明显,无论是在生理上还是在反射光谱方面变化都比较显著。因此,对水稻受重金属污染的遥感监测最佳时间为分蘖期,有效波段为0.54—0.58,0.64—0.69,0.74—0.80微米。综合对水稻光谱的各种分析方法,如波形分析,微分光谱,绿度指数和主成分变换等技术,水稻在分蘖期,对高浓度的监测效果较好,而对低浓度效果不甚明显。     

辽宁地区O3污染状况及相关气象要素分析

利用2015—2019年辽宁城市逐小时地面O₃浓度观测数据,结合各城市逐小时气象要素观测数据,分析了辽宁地区近5 a的O₃污染状况及影响O₃的相关气象条件。结果表明：除环辽东湾部分城市O₃浓度呈下降趋势外,辽宁地区其他城市的O₃浓度均呈明显的上升趋势,O₃正取代PM_2.5成为影响辽宁地区的首要大气污染物。O₃浓度具有夏季高、冬季低,下午高、早晨低的时间分布特征。除受污染排放源直接影响外,高温、高湿、强辐射、小风和地面低气压都有利于O₃的局地生成;在亚洲夏季风的影响下,上游地区（如京津冀地区）的污染气团会随大气环流向东北地区输送,对辽宁地区夏季O₃污染产生重要影响。     

北京城近郊区地下水质特征与污染研究

目前,北京平原区地下水总体较好,局部地下水污染主要集中在城近郊区。通过研究表明,地下水的污染程度、范围与地下水的赋存条件、开采利用状况有密切联系。通过对历史资料的系统分析,查明其污染发展过程可划分为四个阶段:水质自然状况、水质污染缓慢发展阶段、水质污染加快阶段和趋于稳定阶段。目前北京在城近郊区地下水质逐渐趋于稳定。北京城近郊区地下水污染主要是工业、生活以及排污河渠等污染源的影响,其污染的程度．分布范围还与地区包气带岩性、结构、厚度有关,含水层的岩性及地下水流场控制着污染物的迁移。     

Research on heavy metals in Ruditapes philippinarum and soda industry wastes

Heavy metals pollution in Jiaozhou Bay was studied inRuditapes. philippinarum, a bioindicator of seawater pollution. Heavy metals in soda industry wastes “white mud” were also studied. Comparison of microwave digestion method with general digestion method revealed that microwave digestion is superior to general digestion in precision, recovery, digestion speed and efficiency, etc. Cd concentration in HongdaoR. philippinarum samples exceeded the national standard by 0.046 mg/kg, that of Yinghai sample by 0.02 mg/kg, and that of Hongshiya sample by 0.22 mg/kg. Sample Pb concentration in Hongshiya was found to exceed the national standard by 0.02 mg/kg. However the heavy metals concentration inR. philippinarum near the Qingdao Alkaline Factory was complied with the standard. This was proved byPenaeus chinensis culture experiment. Therefore, the possible contamination source may come from other land areas. This study is supported by Project 973 (NO.2002CB 412402), and key project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant NO.KJCX315W-215).     

A quantitative study of sediment delivery and stream pollution from different forest road types

The objective of this paper is to quantify, and enable the prediction of, sediment delivery and water pollution impacts from a spectrum of forest roads. Ten 100–200 m long sections of forest road were selected to incorporate a wide range of the key physical site factors that are likely to affect the rate of sediment generation. Each road section was permanently instrumented for 1 year to measure rainfall and runoff continuously. Suspended load, bedload, and traffic were integrated measurements over 2‐ to 3‐week site‐service intervals. Total annual sediment load (normalized for slope) varied about 25‐fold, from 216 mg m^?2 per millimetre of rain for a high‐quality gravel surfaced road with minimal traffic to 5373 mg m^?2 per millimetre of rain for an unsurfaced road on an erodible subsoil with moderate light‐vehicle traffic. For the seven gravel‐surfaced roads in this study, truck traffic (axles/week) explained 97% of the variation in annual sediment delivery (per unit of rainfall) from the road. Equations are proposed that allow annual sediment delivery rates to be estimated when net rainfall, road slope, road area, and truck traffic are known. Roads produce runoff rapidly and were found to deliver sediment for about the same duration as rainfall is falling, in this study varying between 5 and 10% of the time. The patterns of sediment delivery measured from the experimental roads (frequency, duration, and intensity) in this study are similar to levels that have been shown to alter the composition of in‐stream macroinvertebrate communities in small (e.g. <10 l s^?1), clean, mountain streams. However, in larger well‐mixed streams (e.g. >500 l s^?1), dilution is sufficient to prevent concentrations reaching critical levels that are likely to result in biological impacts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mercury distribution in the Jiaozhou Bay

The Jiaozhou Bay is a semi-enclosed bay, Qingdao, China. More than 10 rivers enter the bay, of which most take wastes from industrial and household discharges. According to historical seasonal investigations in May, August, November 1979, the content, distribution, and development of heavy metal mercury are analyzed as a historical reference. Water samples were taken from the surface and bottom. The results revealed clear seasonal and regional changes in both horizontal and vertical directions, and close relation with major discharging rivers and plankton production. The seawater was polluted more seriously in spring than in any other seasons. However, it was the cleanest in winter during which least waste was input with low plankton production. According to historical data, the state of mercury pollution in seawater was worsening in the period, and has been improving in recent years. Terrestrial contamination was the main reason for mercury pollution in the bay.