Solute concentrations of overland flow water in a cultivated field: spatial variations,intra‐ and inter‐storm trends

Major solute concentrations in overland flow water (OFW) were measured in an agricultural field of Brittany (western France). Two storm events were monitored in detail to examine the short time‐scale processes. During one year, samples were taken at different positions on the slope after each storm event to describe the spatial and seasonal variations of OFW chemistry. Although the total dissolved load in OFW is not much higher than in rain water, distinctive features are observed. K⁺, Ca²⁺, NH₄ , Cl⁻ and SOare the major solutes. The main origin of the elements (sea salts, exchangeable soil complex or fertilizers) determined most of the variations observed. Spatial variations along the slope are mainly seen for exchangeable cations, while seasonal variations are predominant for sea salts. Rainfall intensity and suspended sediment load induce strong differences between the two storm events studied in detail. However, the within‐storm variations and the seasonal monitoring show that this relationship is complex. Within‐storm variations suggest that, in addition to desorption processes, mixing with pre‐event water may occur. The lack of a relationship between sediment load and dissolved load is attributed to the high rate of the exchange processes, which has been checked by a simple experiment in vitro. It is concluded that the conditions of the transit of water on the field (velocity, length, status of the surface, crusted or not) may well play a major role in the chemical changes between rain water and OFW. The results suggest that vegetated buffer strips designed to reduce the sediment load only, and not the amount of overland flow, will have little effect on the transfer of dissolved pollutants to the watercourses. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全球第四次工业革命前景下的应用矿物学进展(2011-2020)

本文从冶金-工艺矿物学和矿物原料加工、新型工业矿物和岩石(宝石)、特种功能矿物材料、仿生矿物材料、生物矿物学、文化遗产和文物保护、矿物基固废处理与资源化利用、矿山及周边土壤污染修复8个领域综述了近十年应用矿物学研究进展,总结归纳了这些领域的相关重大进展,并提出了应用矿物学在第四次工业革命浪潮下的7个重要发展方向.     

地下水氮污染治理的探索试验

太行山前石家庄平原区地下水多存在氮污染问题,该文应用已优化制备的生物脱氮菌剂并结合工业乙醇碳源的一同使用,在由一现场渗流区概化制作的多孔介质模型--中细砂箱中,作了一定水流条件下的生物脱氮除污模拟试验探索.结果显示,以一定时段作考察,在投源点位置附近及水流下游的一定范围内,该实施方法可高效去除地下水中的氮污染.为指导野外现场地下水污染的治理,提供科学依据.     

我国近年雾研究方法及研究热点综述

在过去的几十年里,我国关于雾的各项研究已取得了丰硕的成果。对近年来该领域研究的最新进展和研究成果进行总结和概括,包括气候统计方法对雾特征的研究、数值模拟方法对雾的机制研究、雾微物理结构研究、雾的监测识别与预报技术研究。在此基础上,针对目前雾研究领域的热点和未来可能的研究方向进行了分析,包括高速公路大雾天气的研究、霾研究、雾与城市化相互作用以及沿海和复杂地形地区雾的研究。     

EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR THE ILLINOIS RIVER

1INTRODUCTIONTileillinoisRiver,oneofthemajortributariestotheMississippiRiverinthecentralUnitedStates,hasadrainageareaof75,156kmZthatcoversportionsof1llinois,Indiana,andWisconsin(Figllre1).Asaresultofrepeatedlevelingbyglaciers,mostofthe1llinoisRiverwatershedisflatandcoveredwithfineloesssoil,makingitoneofthebestagriculturalregionsinNorthAmerica.Morethan80percentoftheIllinoisRiverbasinispresentlyusedforagricultUralpurposes.IllinoisagricultUrestartedtoexpandveryrapidlyinthe19thcentury,g…     

Status of anthropogenically induced metal pollution in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region of the Ganga Plain, India

 The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories of the Earth. For several decades, the drainage basin of the Ganga Plain has been used for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes which has adversely affected the quality of water, sediments and agricultural soils of the plain. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and organic carbon were determined in river sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in 1994 and 1995 (pre-monsoon period of April–May). High contents (maximum values) of C-org (12.0 wt. %), Cr (3.40 wt. %), Sn (1.92 wt. %), Zn (4000 mg/kg), Pb (646 mg/kg), Cu (408 mg/kg), Ni (502 mg/kg) and Cd (9.8 mg/kg) in sediments (<20 μm fraction); and C-org (5.9 wt. %), Cr (2.16 wt. %), Sn (1.21 wt %), Zn (975 mg/kg) and Ni (482 mg/kg) in soils (<20 μm) in the pre-monsoon period of 1994 were found. From 1994 to 1995 the contents of Fe and Sn in sediments increase whereas those of C-org, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn decrease. Considering the analytical errors, Al, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb do not show any change in their concentrations. In soils, the contents of Cd, Fe and Sn increase whereas those of Ni decrease from 1994 to 1995. Aluminium, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn do not show any change in their concentrations from 1994 to 1995. About 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr and Sn; 50–75% of C-org, Cu and Zn; and 25% of Co, Ni and Pb in sediments are derived from the anthropogenic input in relation to the natural background values, whereas in soils this is the case for about 90% of Cr and Sn; about 75% of Cd; and about 25% of C-org, Cu, Ni and Zn. The sediments of the study area show enrichment factors of 23.6 for Cr, 14.7 for Cd, 12.2 for Sn, 3.6 for C-org, 3.2 for Zn, 2.6 for Cu and 1.6 for Ni. The soils are enriched with factors of 10.7 for Cr, 9.0 for Sn, 3.6 for Cd, 1.8 for Ni and 1.5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. Received: 3 March 1998 · Accepted: 15 June 1998     

The influence of a heavily polluted urban river on the adjacent aquifer systems

 Ankara Creek is often subjected to overflowing of sewage caused by rainfall or direct discharge of raw sewage. Alluvial aquifers adjacent to Ankara Creek and its tributaries have considerable groundwater potential. The present status of groundwater quality is far from drinking water standards. Groundwater contamination in Ankara is suspected to be caused by Ankara Creek which is heavily polluted by raw sewage discharge, surface runoff and other common sources. In order to investigate the influence of heavily polluted Ankara Creek on the groundwater contamination in the adjacent alluvial aquifers, five sampling stations on Ankara Creek and 25 water wells were monitored during 1996. At five different sampling periods, water samples were collected from both surface water and groundwater. Chemical analyses of basic ions, pollution parameters and heavy metals in natural waters were carried out. The organic pollution prevails in Ankara Creek whereas total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metal concentrations are considerably low. Starting from the idea that Ankara Creek somewhat influences the groundwater quality and the contaminants in groundwater should attenuate with respect to distance, a series of water wells in a certain area, each having different distance from the creek, were examined using four pollution parameters. It is concluded that Ankara Creek barely influences the aquifer systems in connection. This is attributed to two reasons: rapid attenuation of contaminants due to dilution in groundwater and a blanket of very fine sized materials covering the bottom of Ankara Creek. Received: 28. April 1997 · Accepted: 23. February 1998     

Environmental pollution control through geo – botanical means – a case study of Manikpur block, Korba coalfield, M.P., India

 In the present paper, an environmental analysis of Manikpur area, Korba coalfield, Bilaspur, M.P., India is undertaken. The area lies in the Geological Survey of India Toposheet no. 64J/11 Latitude 82°42′54″–82°45′10″ North; Longitude 22°18′46″–22°19′46″ East. The paper deals with pollution and its control measures through the natural plants found in the vicinity of the coalmines, namely Mangifera indica, Eucalyptus spp., Cassia siamea, Delbergia sissoo, etc. The plants control the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Nitrous Oxides (NOx), Sulphur Oxides (SOx) of the mines and mining site. Therefore, plantation in the mining site should be encouraged. Received: 12 May 1998 · Accepted: 6 October 1998     

辽宁省主要矿山地质灾害及防治对策探讨

辽宁省是全国矿产资源和矿业开发大省,同时也是矿山地质灾害高发省份,矿山生态环境破坏较严重,诱发的矿山地质灾害较为普遍。矿山地质灾害主要分布在辽东抚顺、本溪,辽西南票、北票、阜新及辽北铁法三个地区。脆弱的地质环境条件和矿业开发活动是诱发矿山地质灾害的主要因素。对人为诱发因素,应通过立法和加强管理,制定相应对策加以防治。     

基于韦伯-费希纳定律的营养状态普适韦伯指数公式

在适当设定各营养状态指标"参照值"Cj0的基础上,用相应于"参照值"Cj0的指标"规范值"xj作为基于韦伯-费希纳定律的营养状态指数公式中的刺激量.由于各项指标的同级营养状态标准的"规范值"xjl差异不大,从而可认为各指标的营养状态韦伯指数公式都具有一个共同适用的韦伯常数α,并采用智能解域搜索算法优化α,得出对所有14项营养指标皆适用的营养状态普适韦伯指数公式.将营养状态韦伯指数公式应用于数十个湖泊的富营养化评价,并与其它多种方法的评价结果进行比较,结果表明该公式不但理论依据充分,而且具有简单、适用的特点.