提高长春市民水环境意识的几点建议

从不同视角分析污染状况,以及带来的后果并提出几点解决建议.     

Remote Sensing Methods to Investigate Boundary-layer Structures relevant to Air Pollution in Cities

Simultaneous surface-based remote sensing with optical (Ceilometer) and acoustic (Sodar) methods allows the diurnal variation of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer to be deduced with high temporal resolution. Primarily the convective boundary layer, the nocturnal stable surface layer, and the residual layer can be identified from the measured vertical profiles of aerosol concentration and thermal fluctuations. The ability of the two remote sensing techniques is shown in different examples from two different locations and two seasons. The impact on urban air quality assessment is addressed.     

Calibration of Four Species of Tillandsia as Air Pollution Biomonitors

Many organisms have been used as bioindicators of atmospheric contamination, with moss and lichen species being the most common. However, studies using epiphytic vascular species of Tillandsia have shown a good correlation between the presence of pollutants and the bioindicator's response. Therefore, the aim of our investigation was to calibrate and compare the response of four Tillandsia species of Argentina to ascertain whether they could be used as atmospheric contamination biomonitors. For this, we analysed the correlation between the levels of heavy metals in total atmospheric deposition samples and: a) their rate of enrichment; b) the physiological response of the plant samples. Tillandsia samples collected from a non contaminated area in the province of Córdoba were transplanted to four areas in the capital city with different sources of pollution (industrial or traffic emissions). They were exposed for a period of 3 to 6 months after which the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu and S as well as the physiological parameters of foliar damage were determined. Simultaneously samples of total atmospheric deposition were also taken.The highest level of metal enrichment was found in T. capillaris followed by T. tricholepis, T. permutata and T. retorta. Also, the use of a foliar damage index proved to be effective and could be a useful tool to evaluate different levels of atmospheric quality in these species. The rate of heavy metal deposition was higher in the industrial area for all metals except for Zn whose values were higher in areas with high levels of traffic.     

Modern chemometric data analysis – methods for the objective evaluation of load in river systems

Environmental data are highly variable. They also include uncertainties resulting from all steps of the analytical process e. g. sampling, or sampling pre‐treatment. However, a lot of information is unfortunately often lost because only univariate statistical methods are used for data evaluation and interpretation. This neglects correlation between different pollutants and relationships among various sampling points. It is therefore necessary to apply additional methods of analysis that can accommodate such relationships. This ability is provided by the established, and by the more modern, multivariate statistical methods because they can analyze complex sets of multidimensional data. These methods are used to visualize large amounts of data and to extract latent information (e. g. differently polluted areas, dischargers, or interactions between different environmental compartments). The goal of this paper is to present the use of established statistical techniques, like cluster or factor analysis, and the progress made in basic modern techniques (e. g. cluster imaging, multiway‐partial least squares regression, projection pursuit, or information theory) and to demonstrate each with examples and illustrations.     

日照市区PM10污染物特征及其与气象要素的关系

对2002年1月1日-2002年12月31日日照市环境监测中心提供的PM₁₀(可吸入颗粒物)日平均浓度资料和对应时段的日照市地面气象资料做了深入的分析,揭示了污染物PM₁₀变化特征及其随气象要素的变化规律。同时分析了主要污染物PM₁₀与地面风速、风向间的相关关系,发现日照市大于等于3级的PM₁₀污染日均出现在1-4月,地面风速对污染物PM₁₀浓度有一定影响,当地面风速超过5m/s时,3级及以上污染日很少出现,当地面风速超过6.5m/s时,随着风速的提高,污染物浓度呈下降趋势。污染物浓度呈明显的季节变化,冬、春季节明显高于夏、秋季节。     

环境质量曲线与西安地下水污染的数值模拟

本文对西安市地下水中六种主要污染物的均值和超标面积进行了数值模拟,验证了环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC).结果显示,西安市地下水的总硬度、氟化物、六价铬的均值和超标面积都处于环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)的第三、四阶段(衰退期),硝酸盐、氯化物的均值和超标面积处于四、五阶段(消亡期),而总固体的超标面积处于三、四阶段,均值处于四、五阶段.     

城市地质学发展前景展望

本文介绍了城市地质学的定义和研究内容,对国外、国内城市地质学发展历史进行了述评,对城市地质学的发展前景进行了展望。     

支持向量机在大气污染预报中的应用研究

支持向量机是基于统计学习理论的新一代机器学习技术，其非线性回归预测性能优越于传统统计方法。利用前一天该污染物的日均浓度、前一天地面平均风速等7个预报因子建立了基于RBF核函数支持向量回归法的大气污染预报模型，并利用十重交叉验证和网格搜索法寻找模型最优参数。乌鲁木齐大气预报实例表明：支持向量机显示出小样本时预报精度较高和训练速度快的独特优势，为空气质量预报提供一种全新的模式。     

金堆城钼矿固体废物对水环境的污染

本文通过对陕西华县金堆城钼矿区西川河流经废石堆的入口处和出口处采取的水样进行了常量组分、微量组分的测定,分析其污染特征,确定出金堆城钼矿废石堆对水环境的污染指标.     

大地热流对滇池环境的影响与滇池污染治理的新思路

滇池经过长达7年、投资40多亿元的治理,在污染源头控制上已经取得了明显成绩,在一定程度上缓解了生态环境的进一步恶化。滇池水体水质至今没有好转的根本原因在于对滇池蓝藻爆发机理的认识没有考虑其所处的特殊地理环境。滇池水体富营养化之后,是由于较高的大地热流背景和四季如春的气候条件使蓝藻得以不停息地繁殖,致使滇池的水生生态系统完全瘫痪,水体完全失去自净能力。“抑制蓝藻的繁殖”和“清除水体中的营养物质”两大问题形成了滇池治理中一个难解的死结。解开死结的有效措施是从抚仙湖调清水给滇池换水,恢复草海,提高湖水自净能力,发展水生生态系统,抑制藻类繁殖。