浮游植物对海水溶油净化作用的初步研究

本文研究了海水中溶油对骨条藻、角毛藻,三角褐指藻、金藻、甲藻、杜氏盐藻的生长影响。结果表明杜氏盐藻、三角褐指藻、甲藻等在含油海水中9天左右达到最高含量,且在17天左右仍维持最高含量,表明这些藻的耐油性较好。这些耐油藻使海水中石油含量下降3—6倍,表明它们对海水中溶油有净化作用。     

星湖水动力条件及水质模型的研究 Ⅰ.水动力条件与水环境质量调查

对广东省肇庆市星湖水位、水量平衡、入湖污染源和水质现状进行了近2年的实测调查，并结合历史资料，分析了星湖水动力特征、水质现状特征和水质变化趋势。结果表明：星湖水源补给主要是北岭山汇集的雨水和湖面降雨；湖水位主要受人工调节及降雨的影响，常年变幅不大；湖泊交换系数为1.17；生活污水是主要的污染源，主要的水环境问题是有机污染和富营养化；最近几年来，总体水质状况变化不大。针对以上特点，提出了几条治理建议。     

Effect of oil pollution on gluthione and relative enzyme in oyster(Saccostrea cuculiata)

The oysters ( Saccostrea cuculiata ) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong" an Bay, Huangcuo). The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione (GSH), the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated. The results showed: (1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong'an Bay, Huangcuo) were 380.68, 112.34, 27.31, 20.37μg/g wet weight, respectively; (2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill, and the content of GSH seemed reversibly; (3) among the four stations, both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon, could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.     

性畸变在三丁基锡污染的生物监测中的应用

该文概述三丁基锡在海洋防附着涂料中的应用及其环境效应，综述因TBT污染而导致某些螺类雌性个体中发育出雄性性征的性畸变现象发生情况，探讨性畸变在TBT污染生物监测中的应用。并以香港地区性畸变的发生为例，论证性畸变在生物监测中的应用，同时比较香港及世界其他地区性畸变的程度。     

渭河干流浅层地下水与地表水中重金属Cd污染特征及风险评价

为了解渭河流域水体重金属污染现状及健康危害风险,沿渭河干流采集浅层地下水和地表水水样,采用单因子指数法和美国环境保护署(USEPA)健康风险评价模型揭示了水体中重金属Cd污染现状和健康风险。结果表明:2018年渭河干流地下水和地表水中Cd浓度分别为426.40~1104.27 ng·L^-1和224.70~1154.12 ng·L^-1;参照《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)得知,地下水和地表水中Cd浓度均在GB/T 14848—2017和GB 3838-2002Ⅰ~Ⅲ类标准限值内;水体中Cd浓度表现出明显的空间分异性,沿河流流向均表现为逐渐增加的趋势;地下水与地表水中Cd浓度高值区相一致,即集中分布于陕西省兴平市和渭南市临渭区;由水体中Cd浓度单因子指数评价结果可知,渭河干流水体中Cd污染属于清洁水平;沿河流流向,渭河中游和下游水体中Cd浓度单因子污染指数远高于上游;水体中重金属Cd对成人和儿童产生的致癌风险分别为(1.48~2.05)×10^-4和(1.84~2.55)×10^-4,说明水体中Cd对人体可能会产生一定的健康风险。     

The sudestadas: a hydro-meteorological phenomenon that affects river pollution (River Luján,South America)

Abstract

The “sudestadas” are short-term hydro-meteorological phenomena that produce a “hydraulic plug”, preventing the normal drainage of the water courses in the Río de la Plata Estuary. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of the sudestadas on the water quality of the Lower River Luján, which discharges into the Río de la Plata Estuary (59°37′W; 34°43′S). Samplings were conducted from November 1998 to July 2001 at six sites on the lower stretch of river. Physical and chemical variables were measured and a nonparametric test was applied to each variable, grouping samples affected and non-affected by sudestadas, which further diminish the water quality of the river. The frequency and intensity of sudestadas are predicted to increase as a consequence of the Earth's warming; thus, this research suggests that the environmental risk produced by the effects of global change, will be greater.     

TOPCAT‐NP: a minimum information requirement model for simulation of flow and nutrient transport from agricultural systems

Future catchment planning requires a good understanding of the impacts of land use and management, especially with regard to nutrient pollution. A range of readily usable tools, including models, can play a critical role in underpinning robust decision‐making. Modelling tools must articulate our process understanding, make links to a range of catchment characteristics and scales and have the capability to reflect future land‐use management changes. Hence, the model application can play an important part in giving confidence to policy makers that positive outcomes will arise from any proposed land‐use changes. Here, a minimum information requirement (MIR) modelling approach is presented that creates simple, parsimonious models based on more complex physically based models, which makes the model more appropriate to catchment‐scale applications. This paper shows three separate MIR models that represent flow, nitrate losses and phosphorus losses. These models are integrated into a single catchment model (TOPCAT‐NP), which has the advantage that certain model components (such as soil type and flow paths) are shared by all three MIR models. The integrated model can simulate a number of land‐use activities that relate to typical land‐use management practices. The modelling process also gives insight into the seasonal and event nature of nutrient losses exhibited at a range of catchment scales. Three case studies are presented to reflect the range of applicability of the model. The three studies show how different runoff and nutrient loss regimes in different soil/geological and global locations can be simulated using the same model. The first case study models intense agricultural land uses in Denmark (Gjern, 114 km²), the second is an intense agricultural area dominated by high superphosphate applications in Australia (Ellen Brook, 66 km²) and the third is a small research‐scale catchment in the UK (Bollington Hall, 2 km²). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Agricultural land use and hydrology affect variability of shallow groundwater nitrate concentration in South Florida

South Florida's Miami‐Dade agricultural area is located between two protected natural areas, the Biscayne and Everglades National Parks, subject to the costliest environmental restoration project in history. Agriculture, an important economic activity in the region, competes for land and water resources with the restoration efforts and Miami's urban sprawl. The objective of this study, understanding water quality interactions between agricultural land use and the shallow regional aquifer, is critical to the reduction of agriculture's potentially negative impacts. A study was conducted in a 4‐ha square field containing 0·9 ha of corn surrounded by fallow land. The crop rows were oriented NW–SE along the dominant groundwater flow in the area. A network of 18 monitoring wells was distributed across the field. Shallow groundwater nitrate–nitrogen concentration [N‐NO₃^?] was analyzed on samples collected from the wells biweekly for 3 years. Detailed hydrological (water table elevation [WTE] at each well, groundwater flow direction [GwFD], rainfall) and crop (irrigation, fertilization, calendar) data were also recorded in situ. Flow direction is locally affected by seasonal regional drainage through canal management exercised by the local water authority. The data set was analyzed by dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a specialized time series statistical technique only recently applied in hydrology. In a first step, the observed nitrate variation was successfully described by five common trends representing the unexplained variability. By including the measured hydrological series as explanatory variables the trends were reduced to only three. The analysis yields a quantification of the effects of hydrological factors over local groundwater nitrate concentration. Furthermore, a spatial structure across the field, matching land use, was found in the five remaining common trends whereby the groundwater [N‐NO₃^?] in wells within the corn rows could be generally separated from those in fallow land NW and SE of the crop strip. Fertilization, masked by soil/water/plant‐delayed processes, had no discernible effect on groundwater nitrate levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Source of and potential bio-indicator for the heavy metal pollution in Ny-(A)lesund, Arctic

Three kinds of tundra plant samples including Dicranum angnstum(a type of boreal bryophyte) , PuccineUia phryganodes (a type of fringy p/ant),Salix polaris (a type of vascular plant) and surface soil were samples in 200 at Ny-Alesund of the Arctic.The levels of eight heavy metal elements (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn) and three metal-like dements (As, Se, Sr) in the plant and soil samples of the areas within previous coal mining activities are significantly higher than those of other areas.The relative accumulation of these elements in these tundra plant samples is consistent with the one in the soft samples, especially in the areas affected by previous coal-mining activities.Thus, the pollution is apparently from local coal mining activity.Dicranum angustum has the highest concentrations among those elements, and it can be a good bio-indicator for heavy metal pollution in Ny(A)lesund.Though Ny(A)lesund is less polluted by heavy metal than nearby Northern European human living areas, but much more than the tundras of the Alaska, Greenland and the Antarctic.     

某矿区土壤重金属分布特征及来源解析

为探究赣南某矿区土壤重金属污染状况及来源,以该矿区内40个土壤样品为研究对象,分析了土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As和Hg等8种重金属元素的含量,并采用频率直方图、相关性分析、主成分分析等多种统计方法探究了土壤重金属含量的分布特征及来源。研究结果表明:(1)研究区8种重金属中有7种不同程度地超过了江西省土壤重金属元素背景值;(2)Pb、Zn、As和Hg的含量接近正态分布,而Cu、Cr、Ni和Cd的含量则呈现出右偏分布的趋势,这可能与研究区矿山开采活动及土地利用类型等因素有关;(3)矿区土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cu、Cr、Ni的同源性较高,可能具有相同的污染源,而Pb、Zn、Cd等元素与Cu、Cr、Ni相比,其来源可能存在一定的差异;(4)主成分分析结果显示,矿区内土壤中8种重金属元素含量可以由2个主成分来解释,所代表的实际意义按贡献率排序分别是成土母质和人为采矿活动;(5)矿区内土壤重金属污染物主要为Pb、Zn、Cd,人为采矿活动是这三种重金属污染的主要来源。