与强地震有关的视电阻率各向异性变化

研究了27个强地震附近41个地电台的视电阻率变化,在震前1年尺度～短临阶段,在超过95％的台站上与震源机制解最大主压应力方位正交（或近于正交）测道的视电阻率变化最显著,主应力方位（或近于该方位）的测道的变化反之,其物理机理比较清晰.可以确认：在强地震孕育晚期阶段,在震源区及附近视电阻率各向异性变化是客观存在的地球物理现象,在震中区附近可观测之.     

离心模型砂雨法制备技术研究与展望

砂雨法是开展砂质土层和构筑物离心试验应用广泛的模型制备技术,以密实程度与均匀性为关键控制对象,直接关系试验结果的准确性和可靠性。针对砂雨装置、控制要素和均匀度测试等几个方面,概况总结了国内外离心模型砂雨法制备技术的研究进展与暴露的关键问题,归纳了现有砂雨装置的基本组成、操控特点和分类方法,阐述了稳态密实度范围及影响关键因素。综述模型空间均匀度的不同量测与评价方法,评述了各自优缺点与归一化评价标准。综合现状与不足,讨论了离心模型砂雨法制备技术的发展方向与趋势。     

Runoff generation and sediment production on unpaved roads,footpaths and agricultural land surfaces in northern Thailand

Rainfall simulation was used to examine runoff generation and sediment transport on roads, paths and three types of agricultural fields in Pang Khum Experimental Watershed (PKEW), in mountainous northern Thailand. Because interception of subsurface flow by the road prism is rare in PKEW, work focused on Horton overland flow (HOF). Under dry antecedent soil moisture conditions, roads generated HOF in c. 1 min and have event runoff coefficients (ROCs) of 80 per cent, during 45 min, c. 105 mm h⁻¹ simulations. Runoff generation on agricultural fields required greater rainfall depths to initiate HOF; these surfaces had total ROCs ranging from 0 to 20 per cent. Footpaths are capable of generating erosion‐producing overland flow within agricultural surfaces where HOF generation is otherwise rare. Paths had saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) values 80–120 mm h⁻¹ lower than those of adjacent agricultural surfaces. Sediment production on roads exceeded that of footpaths and agricultural lands by more than eight times (1·23 versus < 0·15 g J⁻¹). Typically, high road runoff volumes (owing to low K_s, c. 15 mm h⁻¹) transported relatively high sediment loads. Initial road sediment concentrations exceeded 100 g l⁻¹, but decayed with time as loose surface material was removed. Compared with the loose surface layer, the compacted, underlying road surface was resistant to detachment forces. Sediment concentration values for the road simulations were slightly higher than data obtained from a 165 m road section during a comparable natural event. Initial simulation concentration values were substantially higher, but were nearly equivalent to those of the natural event after 20 min simulation time. Higher sediment concentration in the simulations was related to differences in the availability of loose surface material, which was more abundant during the dry‐season simulations than during the rainy season natural event. Sediment production on PKEW roads is sensitive to surface preparation processes affecting the supply of surface sediment, including vehicle detachment, maintenance activities, and mass wasting. The simulation data represent a foundation from which to begin parameterizing a physically based runoff/erosion model to study erosional impacts of roads in the study area. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

逐步添加法制备单链环状DNA的影响因素探究

单链环状DNA在纳米技术、分子生物学和医药学等领域具有广泛的应用前景,但难以大量制备一直是制约其研究和应用的难题之一。本文针对一种高效大量制备单链环状DNA的方法-逐步添加法,系统地探究了逐步添加法中各主要条件对制备单链环状DNA的影响,确定了逐步添加法中的主要关键条件为:T4DNA连接酶Buffer浓度、单链DNA浓度、添加间隔时间、温度和Splint GC含量。以72nt的核酸链为例,使用逐步添加法将单链环状DNA的制备得率提高至99%,产量与常用的一步法相比提高至4.9倍。本研究为高效、大量制备单链环状DNA提供了指导,为以单链环状DNA为基础的研究奠定了基础。     

气象用GX-2型水电解制氢设备电解电压的分析

分别从温度,压力,电解质以及电解液浓度等方面因素在水电解过程中对电解电压的影响进行分析,并在实际工作加以应用,从而达到降低能耗,节约成本的目的。     

粉末压片制样-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定卤水中的溴

选用人工合成标准样品校正溴的标准曲线,借助溴含量已知的土壤样品为载体吸附固化卤水,采用粉末压片制样-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定卤水中的溴含量。在国家一级土壤标准物质中添加不同含量的溴,建立标准化曲线,通过优化筛选仪器工作参数条件,改善了光谱干扰及基体干扰。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于1.20%,测定结果与化学法测定值吻合,方法操作便捷,能够满足卤水样品中溴的快速定量分析要求。     

高岭石基矿物聚合物的制备及耐酸碱性

以高岭土、水玻璃和NaOH为原料,在常压和一定温度下,快速合成矿物聚合物。研究原料配比、固化温度、养护温度和养护时间对矿物聚合物早期抗压强度的发展及矿物聚合物耐HCl、H2SO4和NaOH的腐蚀性。通过2个正交实验得出矿物聚合物的最佳合成条件为:高岭土600℃煅烧4h,m(MK)∶m(水玻璃)∶m(NaOH)=7∶4.5∶1,60℃固化,60℃养护1h,矿物聚合物早期抗压强度可达85MPa。矿物聚合物耐HCl腐蚀性强,耐H2SO4腐蚀性稍差,NaOH能促进矿物聚合物的早期抗压强度发展。     

干旱区机械化集雨整地造林效果分析——“瓦勒拉尼系统”集雨造林效果研究

 从2006年到2009年,中国国家林业局与意大利环境国土海洋部合作,应用意大利机械化集雨抗旱整地造林技术——“瓦勒拉尼系统” 在内蒙古赤峰市进行造林试验示范。与传统的人工整地造林相比,降水利用率提高两倍,土壤紧实度降低82%,土壤含水率平均提高60%,造林成活率提高30%左右。对“瓦勒拉尼系统”整地造林各项技术参数的测试分析表明,该系统具有深耕集雨、快速高效、经济实用、适应性强等特点。该系统在集雨抗旱造林方面具有的优越性和先进性,为该系统在中国干旱区推广应用提供了科学依据和实用技术方法。     

再谈如何做好地勘项目预算编制工作

地质勘查预算标准是安排省地勘项目的主要依据,预算编制水平直接影响财政资金的分配和地勘项目的管理。从预算编制的准备工作、技术条件、表式分类、工作手段及费用指标解释、编制说明等各方面逐一进行了分析和阐述,具有一定的实用性和可操作性,对于提高和完善预算编制工作,具有促进和推动作用。     

对岩石矿物分析第四版一书的建议

对书中一些特殊样品的制备方法提出建议;对切乔特经验缩分公式的科学性提出质疑,建议吐故纳新;指出HF—HCIO。法测二氧化硅存在严重的缺陷,建议用HF、H2SO4-V2O5法代替;指出酸溶一亚铁容量法测钒主要反应式不当,建议更正;在稀王水、稀盐酸介质中,活性炭吸附的金是单质金（为还原吸附）,而不是AuCl4,建议改正。