涪陵地区井下页岩岩芯裂缝体密度与声学性质关系实验研究

本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明：压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性.     

基于同步挤压改进短时傅立叶变换的分频蚂蚁追踪在断裂识别中的应用

在地球物理领域,时频分析方法在资料处理过程中占据着愈发重要的位置;运用分频属性检测断层、裂缝等应用广泛;因此,寻求更高精度的时频分析方法一直是地震信号处理领域所追求的目标。改进短时傅立叶变换方法由于窗函数的限制导致时频分析结果准确度不理想,为了更大限度地提升时频分辨率,对改进短时傅立叶变换后的时频谱进行挤压,发展了同步挤压改进短时傅立叶变换;根据合成信号结果可知,同步挤压改进短时傅立叶变换其时频汇聚程度更加明显,在刻画信号的时频特征上更有优势。理论表明,地震数据高频成分可以对微小的次生裂缝进行精确的雕刻,而蚂蚁追踪技术是检测裂缝、断层信息的有效手段。因此,本文基于高分辨的时频分析方法,并结合蚂蚁追踪技术对三维数据体进行裂缝预测,结果表明:该方法可以更好地勾勒出微小裂缝以及伴生褶皱,识别精度与传统蚂蚁追踪算法相比有了明显的提高,同时也证实了该方法在实际应用中可行且有效。     

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中收缩裂隙形成机制研究进展及地质意义

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩收缩裂隙广泛发育（湖）海陆过渡相中,其成因机制对古环境研究具有重要指示意义,也是震积岩和微生物成因沉积构造领域的研究热点。通过调研国内外收缩裂隙的相关研究,系统总结了收缩裂隙的形态特征、成因机制及其研究的地质意义。结果表明：收缩裂隙主要发育在（湖）海陆过渡相粉砂岩与黏土岩互层的陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中,通常发育在粉砂岩层的底面,向下逐渐尖灭于下部黏土岩层,呈肠状、脉状或蠕虫状的粉砂质充填,其层面形态可分为纺锤形裂隙、不规则裂隙、多边形裂隙等多种类型,反映了不同的沉积环境。收缩裂隙的成因包括与盐度变化相关的合气作用、地震作用、风暴作用、微生物席破裂作用等。收缩裂隙对沉积环境、事件性沉积、高频（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面具有重要指示意义。根据收缩裂隙的形态特征及其组合可以指示沉积相带,根据收缩裂隙的发育特征及其伴生现象可以指示地震、风暴、重力流等事件性沉积;微生物成因的收缩裂隙具有沉积物暴露的指示作用,能够指示不同级次的（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面及古（湖）海平面变化。     

超高压变质岩中柯石英→石英相变研究的进展

柯石英是石英的高压同质多相变体，是超高压变质作用的产物，它是识别超高压变质作用的重要标志矿物。柯石英的发现表明了近地表的岩石随板块运动曾被俯冲至地下大于90km的深度并经受了超高压变质作用。研究柯石英→石英相变过程中的微结构变化，对进一步研究超高压变质作用的机理及超高压变质岩折返过程的动力学机制具有重要意义。本文简述了近年来有关超高压变质岩中柯石英→石英相变研究的一些进展。     

Temporal change in scattering and attenuation associated with the earthquake occurrence—A review of recent studies on coda waves

The study of coda waves has recently attracted increasing attention from seismologists. This is due to the fact that it is viewed as a new means by which the stress accumulation stage preceding a large earthquake can be measured, since the scattering paths nearly uniformly cover a fairly large region around the focus and observation stations, compared with the direct ray paths. To date, we have had many reports on the temporal variation of the relation between coda duration and amplitude magnitude, and that of the coda attenuationQ _c ^–1 which is estimated from coda amplitude decay. Some of these have shown a precursor-like behavior; however, others seem to have shown a coseismic change. We have critically reviewed these reports, and discussed what these observational facts tell us about the change in the heterogeneous crust. We found significant temporal variations, not only in the mean but also in the scatter ofQ _c ^–1 , associated with the mainshock occurrence. The formation of new cracks, the reopening and growing of existing cracks, the interaction of these cracks, and the pore water movement through these cracks might correspond to such variations. In addition, we may expect an inhomogeneous distribution of crack clusters in a fairly large region, compared with the aftershock region. The gradual appearance of such crack clusters seems to be the most plausible mechanism by which coda decay gradients are caused to largely scatter in the stress accumulation stage.     

Jurassic septarian concretions from NW Scotland record interdependent bacterial, physical and chemical processes of marine mudrock diagenesis

Septarian concretions in the Staffin Shales Formation (Kimmeridgian, Isle of Skye) allow controls on concretion rheology and septarian cracking to be investigated. Stratabound concretions consist of anhedral ferroan calcite microspar enclosing clay and minor pyrite. Intergranular volumes range from 77% to 88%, and calcite δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values in most concretion bodies range from ?10·0‰ to ?17·3‰ and +0·3‰ to ?0·6‰ respectively, consistent with rapid and pervasive cementation in marine pore fluids. Septarian rupture occurred during incipient cementation, with a sediment volume reduction of up to 43%. Crack‐lining brown fibrous calcite records pore fluid re‐oxygenation during a depositional hiatus, followed by increasing Fe content and δ¹³C related to bacterial methanogenesis. Brown colouration results from an included gel‐like polar organic fraction that probably represents bacterially degraded biomass. A new hypothesis for concretion growth and septarian cracking argues that quasi‐rigid ‘proto‐concretions’ formed via binding of flocculated clays by bacterial extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS). This provided rheological and chemical conditions for tensional failure, subcritical crack growth, volume contraction, calcite nucleation, and incorporation of degraded products into crack‐lining cements. Bacterial decay of EPS and syneresis of host muds provided internal stresses to initiate rupture at shallow burial. Development of septarian (shrinkage) cracks in muds is envisaged to require pervasive in situ bacterial colonization, and to depend on rates of carbonate precipitation versus EPS degradation and syneresis. Subsequent modification of septarian concretions included envelopment by siderite and calcite microspar, hydraulic fracturing associated with Cretaceous shallow burial or Palaeogene uplift; and cementation by strongly ferroan, yellow sparry calcite that records meteoric water invasion of the host mudrocks. An abundance of fatty acids in these spars indicates aqueous transport of organic breakdown products, and δ¹³C data suggest a predominantly methanogenic bicarbonate source. However, the wide δ¹⁸O range for petrographically identical cement (?1·3‰ to ?15·6‰) is difficult to explain.     

Stability analysis of seismic slopes with cracks

Earthquakes can trigger slope instability, especially in the case of slopes with cracks. Studies of slope stability rarely account for the presence of cracks. In this study, the upper bound limit analysis technique and the pseudo-static method were used to examine the stability of homogeneous slopes with cracks subjected to seismic loading. A series of stability charts for slope inclinations of 2:1 (β = 63.4°), 1:1 (β = 45°), 2:3 (β = 33.7°), and 1:2 (β = 26.6°) (vertical to horizontal) and internal friction angles, φ, of 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° are presented. These charts should be useful for readily determining the stability number (critical slope height), the critical crack depth, and the region affected by cracks for cracks of known depth but unknown location, cracks of known location but unspecified depth, and cracks of unspecified depth and location.     

不同粗糙度的节理直剪颗粒流分析

利用二维颗粒流程序生成5种不同粗糙程度的节理模型,并对5种节理模型进行了5种不同法向恒定荷载作用下的直剪试验,从细观角度分析了不同粗糙程度的节理模型在法向荷载下的形貌损伤情况和裂纹演化机制。与此同时,分析了节理JRC值和节理面颗粒摩擦系数对节理抗剪强度影响,并反推出了节理面抗剪强度参数Cj与?j与JRC值的关系。结果为：法向恒定荷载越大时,节理峰值抗剪应力越大,剪胀现象越小,节理形貌损伤范围越大。随着剪切的进行,上下节理面接触范围减小,微裂纹开始主要沿节理面产生,随着剪切位移的继续增加微裂纹数量显著增加,并且不局限于节理面附近而深入到模型内部。随着节理粗糙程度（JRC值）和节理面颗粒摩擦系数的增加节理峰值抗剪应力也增大。节理抗剪强度参数Cj与?j随着JRC值的增大而增大。所得结果可以为室内试验和工程应用提供参考和依据。     

干燥失水条件下膨胀土的细观裂隙演化特征研究

干燥失水现象是引起膨胀土裂隙萌生和扩展的关键性因素,裂隙的演化过程对土体结构完整性和地基的长期稳定与安全具有重要影响。为了研究膨胀土干缩裂隙的演化特点,对原状土试样开展显微CT扫描试验,结合图像分析技术获取了土体细观裂隙的二维/三维图像与特征参数,从定性和定量角度分析了干缩裂隙的演化规律。结果表明：三维重构后的数字模型还原了膨胀土在干燥过程中的体积收缩特征,与试样实测的体积有较好的一致性;从显微CT图像中可以提取细观裂隙的量化指标,如裂隙率、裂隙数量、裂隙体积与裂隙结构特征参数等;随着含水率从24.0%下降至12.0%,膨胀土的裂隙率、裂隙体积呈增大趋势,裂隙数量呈减小趋势;根据裂隙的体积和几何形态特征将其分为连通裂隙和独立裂隙,干燥过程中连通裂隙的体积占比显著提高,独立裂隙数量不断减少;球棒模型有效地模拟了膨胀土裂隙的几何形态特征,在干燥失水过程中等效孔隙半径、喉道半径、喉道长度与孔喉配位数均有增大趋势,裂隙连通性显著增强;SEM图像表明细观裂隙的连通与黏土颗粒排列形式、粒间孔隙发育程度等存在重要关联。