陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中收缩裂隙形成机制研究进展及地质意义

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩收缩裂隙广泛发育（湖）海陆过渡相中,其成因机制对古环境研究具有重要指示意义,也是震积岩和微生物成因沉积构造领域的研究热点。通过调研国内外收缩裂隙的相关研究,系统总结了收缩裂隙的形态特征、成因机制及其研究的地质意义。结果表明：收缩裂隙主要发育在（湖）海陆过渡相粉砂岩与黏土岩互层的陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中,通常发育在粉砂岩层的底面,向下逐渐尖灭于下部黏土岩层,呈肠状、脉状或蠕虫状的粉砂质充填,其层面形态可分为纺锤形裂隙、不规则裂隙、多边形裂隙等多种类型,反映了不同的沉积环境。收缩裂隙的成因包括与盐度变化相关的合气作用、地震作用、风暴作用、微生物席破裂作用等。收缩裂隙对沉积环境、事件性沉积、高频（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面具有重要指示意义。根据收缩裂隙的形态特征及其组合可以指示沉积相带,根据收缩裂隙的发育特征及其伴生现象可以指示地震、风暴、重力流等事件性沉积;微生物成因的收缩裂隙具有沉积物暴露的指示作用,能够指示不同级次的（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面及古（湖）海平面变化。     

粘土干湿循环中裂缝演变过程的数值模拟

在非饱和土简化固结理论基础上,对粘土在干湿过程中,表面裂缝从形成、发展到闭合的发展过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果说明,本文采用的基于非饱和简化固结理论的计算方法是可行、实用的.     

Stability analysis of seismic slopes with cracks

Earthquakes can trigger slope instability, especially in the case of slopes with cracks. Studies of slope stability rarely account for the presence of cracks. In this study, the upper bound limit analysis technique and the pseudo-static method were used to examine the stability of homogeneous slopes with cracks subjected to seismic loading. A series of stability charts for slope inclinations of 2:1 (β = 63.4°), 1:1 (β = 45°), 2:3 (β = 33.7°), and 1:2 (β = 26.6°) (vertical to horizontal) and internal friction angles, φ, of 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40° are presented. These charts should be useful for readily determining the stability number (critical slope height), the critical crack depth, and the region affected by cracks for cracks of known depth but unknown location, cracks of known location but unspecified depth, and cracks of unspecified depth and location.     

利用Hudson裂隙模型分析井径变化对声波测井响应的影响

裂隙性介质因其复杂的结构和可观的藏储量一直是资源勘查领域的重点研究对象。基于Hudson裂隙理论对裂隙介质中不同裂隙参数（数密度、角度、纵横比）下变化井径的井场响应进行数值模拟,得到如下结果：在裂隙数密度较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较大的情况下,斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙角度较小的情况下,横波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在裂隙纵横比较小的情况下,纵波、横波以及斯通利波幅度对井径变化响应较敏感;在频率-波数二维谱中,随着井径的增大,波动激发强度峰值所在的频率带以及波动的首次激发频率都向低频区域移动。由此认为：弹性波在裂隙性介质中传播时在受井径变化的影响下产生规律性响应,应用Hudson裂隙理论模拟裂隙介质的井场响应可以系统地分析裂隙参数和井径变化对声波传播规律的影响,进而指导实地裂隙储层声波测井勘探工作。     

含裂隙岩体单轴压缩裂纹扩展机制离散元分析

将由室内试验总结得到的岩石微观胶结模型嵌入离散元软件,对Lac du Bonnet花岗岩石进行预制单裂隙单轴压缩试验DEM数值模拟,分析了压缩过程中裂隙试样中应力的分布,并与理论计算结果进行对比分析,同时对各种断裂判据中裂纹起裂角的预测值进行了适用性的对比分析。结果表明,离散元模拟试样破坏形态与试验结果相近;离散元分析得到的应力分布与理论解在定性上相似;当预制角度较小时,侧向应力都处于拉压状态;由于裂隙左右两端压应变的集中造成了裂隙上下面拉应变的产生,造成了裂隙周围特殊的应力分布;当裂隙角度较大时,应力集中现象已不明显,因而,理论值与试验值有偏差;在断裂判据中最大周应力准则和最大能量释放率准则得到的裂纹扩展角与室内试验与DEM结果中的数值较为吻合。     

西安地裂缝活动成灾评估

西安地裂缝活动给市政建设带来了重大损失,严重地影响着人们的生活。本文在前人研究的基础上,采用静力位错理论对小寨地裂缝、边家村地裂缝和辛家庙地裂缝活动所产生的垂直位移进行了分析。同时,通过地裂缝活动使地基或基础的不均匀沉降超过极限时,建筑物就会出现裂缝,发生变形,危及建筑物的安全。根据不同工程地质性质的场地和不同结构的建筑物对最大差异沉降的要求,对地裂缝带进行了严重区、较严重区、轻微区的安全性分区。并依每区的标准对这三条地裂缝进行了成灾评估,从而明确了不同地裂缝的成灾程度。     

Seismic waves in rocks with fluids and fractures

Seismic wave propagation through the earth is often strongly affected by the presence of fractures. When these fractures are filled with fluids (oil, gas, water, CO₂, etc.), the type and state of the fluid (liquid or gas) can make a large difference in the response of the seismic waves. This paper summarizes recent work on methods of deconstructing the effects of fractures, and any fluids within these fractures, on seismic wave propagation as observed in reflection seismic data. One method explored here is Thomsen's weak anisotropy approximation for wave moveout (since fractures often induce elastic anisotropy due to non-uniform crack-orientation statistics). Another method makes use of some very convenient crack/fracture parameters introduced previously that permit a relatively simple deconstruction of the elastic and wave propagation behaviour in terms of a small number of crack-influence parameters (whenever this is appropriate, as is certainly the case for small crack densities). Then, the quantitative effects of fluids on these crack-influence parameters are shown to be directly related to Skempton's coefficient B of undrained poroelasticity (where B typically ranges from 0 to 1). In particular, the rigorous result obtained for the low crack density limit is that the crack-influence parameters are multiplied by a factor  (1 − B )  for undrained systems. It is also shown how fracture anisotropy affects Rayleigh wave speed, and how measured Rayleigh wave speeds can be used to infer shear wave speed of the fractured medium in some cases. Higher crack density results are also presented by incorporating recent simulation data on such cracked systems.     

含多裂纹沥青路面的动力响应分析

考虑沥青材料的黏弹性,结合动力学和断裂力学理论,通过有限元数值模拟研究了含多裂纹沥青路面在移动交通荷载作用下的动力特性,考察了裂纹间距变化对动态应力强度因子以及裂纹尖端应力的影响。研究结果表明,在移动交通荷载作用下基层底面裂纹处于Ⅰ、Ⅱ型动态应力强度因子交替控制下;裂纹间距增大,对基底裂纹应力强度因子的影响逐渐减小;表面裂纹尖端在移动荷载距其较近时受压应力,且随裂纹间距增大,最大压应力先微弱减小后逐渐增大;在移动荷载经过表面裂缝时,裂缝尖端经历了方向相反的剪切作用,随着裂纹间距的增大,最大剪应力呈现先减小后增大的趋势。同时对加铺土工布这一阻裂措施利用数值模拟进行了验证。