陇东先秦遗址多光谱遥感与遗址预测模型研究

考古遗址预测模型（SPM）在考古学研究和文化资源管理中有着广泛的应用,但传统的构建方法过度依赖数字高程模型（DEM）,对多光谱遥感数据的应用较少。本项研究以陇东黄土高原地区的区域考古调查为例,利用第三次全国文物普查数据、商业DEM数据和Landsat 8 OLI多光谱遥感数据,构建3种考古遗址预测模型（DEM模型、多光谱遥感模型和混合模型）。研究表明,黄土高原地区先秦遗址分布对坡向、纵向曲率、地形开阔度等地貌因素具有明显的相关性,而引入主成因素分析法（PCA）提取的多光谱因子不仅可以有效提高单纯基于DEM派生数据构建的遗址预测模型的精度和预测效率,而且还能够很好地改善遗址预测模型的空间结构,增强遗址预测模型的应用效果。基于上述混合模型的分析,陇东黄土高原地区先秦时期的土地资源开发,从仰韶文化时期的不足10%,迅速提升至龙山文化时期的43.1%,先秦时期整体达到了57.3%的规模,土地资源的加速开发奠定了该地区早期文明发展的基础。     

Finding the hotspots within a biodiversity hotspot: fine‐scale biological predictions within a submarine canyon using high‐resolution acoustic mapping techniques

Submarine canyons are complex geomorphological features that have been suggested as potential hotspots for biodiversity. However, few canyons have been mapped and studied at high resolution (tens of m). In this study, the four main branches of Whittard Canyon, Northeast Atlantic, were mapped using multibeam and sidescan sonars to examine which environmental variables were most useful in predicting regions of higher biodiversity. The acoustic maps obtained were ground truthed by 13 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video transects at depths ranging from 650 to 4000 m. Over 100 h of video were collected, and used to identify and georeference megabenthic invertebrate species present within specific areas of the canyon. Both general additive models (GAMs) and random forest (RF) were used to build predictive maps for megafaunal abundance, species richness and biodiversity. Vertical walls had the highest diversity of organisms, particularly when colonized by cold‐water corals such as Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis. GAMs and RF gave different predictive maps and external assessment of predictions indicated that the most adequate technique varied based on the response variable considered. By using ensemble mapping approaches, results from more than one model were combined to identify vertical walls most likely to harbour a high biodiversity of organisms or cold‐water corals. Such vertical structures were estimated to represent less than 0.1% of the canyon's surface. The approach developed provides a cost‐effective strategy to facilitate the location of rare biological communities of conservation importance and guide further sampling efforts to help ensure that appropriate monitoring can be implemented.     

Potential use of model predictive control for optimizing the column flotation process

A constrained model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed to deal with the problem of optimizing flotation column operation using secondary variables. Froth depth, collection zone gas hold-up and bias rate are selected as secondary variables to be controlled whereas tailing, wash-water and gas flow rate are used as manipulated variables. The control problem was formulated in order to minimize the tracking error of the gas hold-up and bias rate by maintaining gas flow rate, wash-water flow rate and bias rate within their operational limits. In particular, a strategy was conceived to optimize the column flotation process based on establishing an unreachable high set point for the gas hold-up (which is equivalent to maximizing the bubble surface area available for particle collection at a given flotation reagent dosage and thus recovery), while simultaneously satisfying operational constraints (such as ensuring a positive bias rate to prevent gangue entrainment and therefore concentrate grade deterioration). Several other operational constraints on wash-water, gas rate, gas hold-up and bias rate were considered, their use being justified from a processing point of view. Since this study deals with the hydrodynamic characteristics of flotation columns, a pilot flotation column working with a two-phase system is sufficient to demonstrate the advantages of using predictive control for this process optimization.     

促进老矿区内预测性找矿发现的知识创新

老矿区强烈的干扰背景及未发现矿床的大埋深等特殊困难制约了这些地区的预测性找矿发现,促进其预测性找矿发现的关键战略是知识创新,包括：成矿理论和勘查模型的创新、勘查技术的创新和信息的综合集成的处理的创新。     

成矿多过程耦合模型数值模拟研究态势

成矿作用是构造变形-热量传递-流体流动-质量转移等四种性质完全不同过程的耦合。数值模拟是通过建立多过程耦合模型来刻画其物理和化学规律。由于这些耦合模型过于复杂而难以得到其解析解，因而数值模拟被用来讨论这些复杂动力学过程。针对成矿预测领域主要的耦合模型：形变-流动模型、形变-热-流动模型、热-流动，质模型、变形-热-流动-质模型，通过这些耦合模型应用实例分析得出，印证了高差和温度变化是流体对流、矿物沉淀发生的重要机制；详释了构造控制流体输运的方式及过程，高渗透率断裂是流体汇聚的有利场所，从而渗透率等控制成矿的关键参数成为成矿预测的主要指标。     

Consistent CMT solutions from Harvard University before great earthquakes in Kurile Islands and its significance for earthquake prediction

Introduction In the development of seismic science,the improvement of observational instruments is prone to produce new parameters and promote rapid growth of seismology.For example,after the global digital seismograph network is established,some studies that could not be made or easily made in the past are now being carried out successively.As a result,analytical studies based on digital data have been made one after another and digital seismology has formed.Up to now,Harvard University has …     

A Comparison of Methods to Predict Soil Surface Texture in an Alluvial Basin

Surface soil texture controls many important ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic processes in arid regions and is therefore important from a land‐management perspective. Soil survey efforts have traditionally fulfilled this need, but they are constrained by the size, remoteness, and inaccessibility of many arid regions, which renders simple field measurements prohibitively expensive. This article compares several different predictive soil‐mapping techniques with a sparse data set in order to develop surficial soil texture maps. Our results suggest that data collected at the landscape scale can be used as input to predictive soil‐mapping techniques to create maps of soil texture at higher fidelity and a fraction of the cost than would be required using traditional methods.     

Development of rational models for tunnel blast prediction based on a parametric study

The empirical models available for prediction of the tunnel blast results like pull ratio, specific charge, specific drilling and overbreak have some inherent shortcoming in absence of any parametric study at the backdrop. Hence, the models use different constituting parameters and provide values which differ widely. After a thorough review of literature and field investigations in the drivages of mines and tunnels some parameters were identified. Those parameters were subjected to Multiple Linear Regression analyses to filter out the most influencing ones which represent the rockmass properties, the tunnel configurations and the blast designs. A parameter called Tunnel Blasting Index (TBI) was conceptualized and was expressed in terms of those most influencing parameters. All the blast results observed during the filed investigations could be well related to a single index TBI. Some adjustments on account of shape of the tunnel and joint orientations, which were not addressed in the available models, are suggested in the developed models.