浅谈可控震源在煤田地震勘探中应用的几点认识

使用可控震源应注意三方面的问题:一是与大地的耦合,二是参数的最佳选取,三是在保证野外采集工作量近似不变情况下,提高地震剖面质量。解决方法是:配备可控震源力控装置、改变表层介质波阻抗可消除震源脱耦现象;选取参数应考虑清晰度、分辨率、信噪比,避免虚像出现在有效记录范围内;在野外数据采集时应减少振动次数、增加覆盖次数并注意压制不规则干扰和噪声,以提高地震剖面质量。     

基于InSAR技术的川西高山峡谷区地质灾害早期识别研究——以小金川河流域为例

采用短基线集时序干涉测量(small baseline subset InSAR,SBAS-InSAR)技术,利用多时相合成孔径雷达数据,对川西高山峡谷区开展地表多时相、长时序形变监测与地质灾害隐患早期识别研究。介绍了时序InSAR方法原理,梳理了数据处理流程,分析了小金川河流域雷达可视性,利用2018-11—2019-12共26期的Sentinel-1A历史存档数据开展了流域内地表形变监测,结果表明: 流域内雷达视线方向的年平均形变速率为-51.12~75.28 mm/a; 依据形变异常分布规律,共判译出4处形变异常区与11处潜在地质灾害隐患点,其中6处隐患点为已知地质灾害点,其余5处隐患点尚不为人知。以隐患点P1(阿娘寨滑坡)为典型案例,开展了长时序监测分析与验证,评估利用InSAR技术开展地质灾害隐患早期识别的可靠性,证明了SBAS-InSAR技术在地质灾害早期识别中的优势及有效性,其技术成果在川西高山峡谷区具有大范围推广应用的潜力。     

Origin,discovery, exploration and development status and prospect of global natural hydrogen under the background of “carbon neutrality”

Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy, to solve future energy problems, cope with climate change, and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050. Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality. At present, the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon (such as coal and natural gas) reforming and by electrolysis of water, while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started. According to this literature review: (1) Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories, including free hydrogen, hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen; (2) natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation, water-rock reaction or water radiolysis; (3) natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential, and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about (254±91)×10⁹ m³/a according to a latest estimate; (4) at present, natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali, and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia, Brazil, the United States and some European countries, to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration. Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern. Based on a thorough literature review, this study introduced the origin, classification, and global discovery of natural hydrogen, as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development, aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

甘肃玛曲大水金矿田控矿因素及主矿体特征对比分析

大水金矿田由大水、贡北、格尔托3处大、中型金矿床组成,经过30年巨量探矿工程的投入和持续有效的勘查与研究,整体达到了详查程度,累计查明金资源量约130 t,为典型矿床对比研究提供了理想基地。通过大水金矿田赋矿地层岩性、控矿断裂构造、成矿侵入岩等控矿因素的对比分析认为：大水金矿田赋矿地层岩性以中三叠统马热松多组灰岩为主;控矿断裂、成矿容矿脉岩及其所赋存矿体的规模,以大水特大型金矿明显优于贡北、格尔托中型金矿,大水金矿主要以NWW向压扭性主干断裂与近SN向放射状张性断裂的交汇部位控制厚富主矿体,贡北以EW向、格尔托以NNW与NE向断裂的交汇部位控制主矿体的分布;中酸性岩体及其派生的酸性岩脉与金成矿关系密切,容矿花岗闪长岩（斑）岩脉及其蚀变方解石大脉在陡倾断裂破碎带中的集中分布,往往指示厚富金矿体的赋存地段。通过3个矿区主矿体的规模、品位、资源量分布等特征的对比分析可以看出,主矿体的规模、品位以大水较贡北、格尔托为大、为富,大水、贡北、格尔托金矿的主矿体资源量分别占矿区的75. 62%、78. 51%和79. 58%,且由普查到详查,主矿体资源量占比有所变化,如大水金矿由70. 59%增加到75. 63%,贡北金矿则由88. 24%降低为84. 16%。     

Genetic model and exploration target area of geothermal resources in Hongtang Area,Xiamen, China

The geothermal resources in Fujian Province are mainly hydrothermal resources of medium-low temperature. To better understand the whole process and conditions of heat control in the middle and deep crust, this study focuses on the analysis of heat accumulation model in Hongtang Area of Xiamen, and the main conditions of the model such as faults and sags are explored and interpreted in detail by using gravity and wide-field electromagnetic methods. 4 main faults (F33, F2, F12 and HT-F1) and 10 secondary faults (HT-F2, HT-F3, HT-F4, HT-F5, HT-F6, HT-F7, HT-F8, HT-F9, HT-F10 and HT-F11) were inferred, and the distribution range of sags was delineated. The convective geothermal system is composed of four components: Heat source, geothermal reservoir, heat-conductive fault and heat retaining cover, which form a quaternary heat accumulation model. According to the model, the intersection of the main faults F12, HT-F1 and F33 can be delineated as the primary target area of geothermal exploration, while the intersection of the secondary faults (F12 and HT-F6; F12 and HT-F2; HT-F9, HT-F10 and F12; F12 and HT-F11; F33 and HT-F3; HT-F8 and HT-F3; HT-F2, HT-F10 and HT-F1) can be delineated as the secondary target area. Borehole DR01, which is located in the primary target area, shows that the water temperature increases from fast to slow in the depth range of 0–500 m, and stays at 36℃ below 500 m. The reliability of the heat accumulation model and the target area was tested via geothermal boreholes, which is of great significance to the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in Hongtang Area of Xiamen.     

受压煤岩破裂过程电磁辐射与能量转化规律研究

首先对煤岩单轴受压变形破裂过程产生的电磁辐射（EME）、声发射（AE）信号变化规律进行了试验研究,然后在试验测定结果的基础上分析研究了煤岩变形破裂电磁辐射与加载变形能量之间的转换关系。研究结果表明,EME值随着加载时间的增加而增强,声发射信号也呈现同样的规律;电磁辐射的幅值、脉冲数在煤岩主破裂前与应力基本成正相关的关系,出现峰值后降低,试验的各个样品均呈现此变化规律;电磁辐射能和机械能的转化曲线与煤岩单轴加载过程的应力-应变关系曲线是相对应的,且呈现三次多项式的关系。从能量转换的角度来研究煤岩变形破裂电磁辐射与应力之间的关系是可行的。     

钾盐矿床的物质来源和成矿机制

讨论钾及其有关物质的理化性质和地化行为，钾盐的物质来源，盐卤的变质、结晶分异、成矿条件和机制。富钾热液是形成钾盐矿床的重要物质来源之一。矿物岩石流体包裹体的富钾成分、富钾热泉、富钾盐湖均是寻找钾盐矿床的重要指示。     

微粉末油浸法在珠宝文物鉴定中的应用

微粉末油浸法主要用于微观研究,对样品进行结晶光学测试。本文提供几个检测实例：高色翡翠戒指、手镯,新石器时代玉斧,被称为“江川出土的古代手镯”,新类型“天然田黄石工艺品（斜绿泥石型）”,微晶含铬云母玉及“天然彩色玻璃石”;并以其他方法测试资料相互验证和补充,使结果更为准确可靠。     

建筑垃圾填埋场周边地下水化学组分来源解析

建筑垃圾是城市市政垃圾的重要组成部分,对其堆填处理可能造成场地及周围一定范围内的地下水污染。传统观念认为,建筑垃圾中多为惰性或无害成分,对地下水影响有限,缺乏关于建筑垃圾堆填对地下水水质造成影响的研究。选取2处建筑垃圾堆填场地,通过对场地周围地下水采样分析,得到场地周边地下水化学指标空间分布特征,并利用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)识别研究区地下水化学组分来源,从而定量评价建筑垃圾填埋对周边地下水水质变化的贡献。结果表明,建筑垃圾填埋会显著影响周边区域地下水组分的浓度和质量,尤其是TDS、TH、Ca2+、SO42-等组分显著受到影响,填埋时间越长、填埋体量越大,影响程度越深。两场地区域范围内Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和TDS 5个组分或指标的空间分布整体变化趋势较一致,均表现为垃圾填埋场附近沿地下水流下游方向的点位浓度较高,其他点位浓度较低,验证了建筑垃圾填埋对区域地下水质量的影响。PMF来源解析确定两场地周边地下水化学组分来源有建筑垃圾填埋、岩石风化溶解、水岩相互作用和农业活动,在场地一来源贡献占比分别为29.2%、21.6%、24.2%和15.1%,在场地二贡献占比分别为15.6%、23.2%、28.4%和18.2%。两场地周围地下水质量受人类活动影响程度较深,人为污染源正在成为地下水中离子组分的重要来源。     

基于文献记录的黑河流域历史时期旱涝特征分析

流域的旱涝灾害特征及其变化规律是流域水资源演变研究的重要内容。利用历史文献资料重建了西北内陆河黑河流域公元0-1949年的旱涝灾害等级序列,结合滑动平均、小波变换处理等方法,探讨了流域历史时期旱涝等级的频数特征、旱涝变化的周期特征及其与气候冷暖和人类活动之间的关系。对公元1000年以后的旱涝灾害规律进行分析,结果表明：流域存在5个旱灾高发阶段（1230-1270年、1430-1530年、1640-1760年、1860-1890年、1900-1940年）,3个涝灾高发期（1650-1690年、1730-1790年、1830-1910年）,并呈现出旱涝灾害频发的态势;1000-1949年期间,流域旱涝灾害存在4个准周期变化,对比发现这与太阳黑子活动等环境变化周期有紧密的联系;1580年以前,气候冷暖是影响旱涝灾害发生的主要因子,但16世纪以后,旱涝灾害交替频发,很可能是人类活动加剧了该现象。所以,定量辨析自然因素和人类活动对流域旱涝灾害的影响将是未来研究的重点方向。