胶州湾及青岛近海表层沉积物重金属赋存形态研究

2008年11月和2010年11月分别在青岛近海6个站位和胶州湾9个站位采集了表层沉积物样品,应用连续提取法分离和测定其主要成分和重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,易还原态的重金属受铁锰氧化物体系显著影响,其中镍的迁移过程基本受控于该体系,有机结合态的铬和钡迁移变化受有机质一定影响,其他形态重金属主要受外源输入影响。Pb和Cr存在显著富集,相对其他金属污染较明显。Pb的生态风险最高。胶州湾东部,尤其是李村河口附近重金属污染程度和不稳定性都最为明显。     

广西北仑河口红树林保护区表层海水溶解态重金属时空分布及其影响因素

根据2013年5月(春季)和8月(夏季)对广西北仑河口红树林保护区的现场调查监测数据,研究了表层海水中溶解态重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的时空分布特征,探讨了其影响因素,并对其污染水平进行了评价。结果表明,表层海水各溶解态重金属的浓度、空间波动程度在春、夏季均存在一定的差异;Hg的污染明显超过国家一类海水水质标准,且夏季污染水平高于春季。Cu-Zn、Cu-Cd、Zn-Pb、Zn-Cd之间存在显著正相关,春、夏季As以及夏季Cr分别与盐度之间呈显著正相关,其他重金属与盐度之间无显著相关性。各重金属的时空分布主要受到陆源输入、沿岸江河冲淡水和海水盐度变化等因素的影响。     

北戴河近岸海域表层沉积物重金属分布特征及污染评价

分析了北戴河近岸海域表层沉积物重金属含量和空间分布特征,利用修正综合指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,该区表层沉积物重金属平均含量较低,高值区主要分布在西南角和东北角河口,低值区主要分布在中部;区内重金属污染程度总体上处于较低至中等等级,污染相对明显的为人造河口、石河口和秦皇岛城区近岸海域。相对而言,Hg是主要的致污元素。     

海洋微塑料对重金属的吸附行为及其复合毒性研究进展

微塑料在海洋中的污染情况已经受到了人们广泛关注,但其与重金属相互作用产生的潜在生态风险依然需要进一步研究。本文主要综述了海洋中微塑料的来源及海水、沉积物和生物体内微塑料的污染现状,总结了部分海域微塑料上的重金属富集特征,并介绍了部分微塑料对重金属的吸附模型,最后总结分析了微塑料单独及与重金属协同作用对海洋生物的毒性效应。微塑料与重金属相互作用的结果依然存在许多不确定性,对生物体产生的毒性效应是协同、拮抗还是其他交互作用仍需更多的实验研究。本文旨在为评估微塑料与重金属相互作用造成的生态风险提供支撑,并为今后相关研究的开展提供参考。     

环境因子对贝类累积溶解态重金属的影响

对溶解态重金属的吸收是贝类累积重金属的重要来源之一,易受到生物因素和非生物因素的影响。综述溶解氧、温度、空气预暴露、化学物质预暴露等环境因子,诱导的机体代谢过程的改变,对溶解态重金属的累积和转运过程的影响。强调了贝类对溶解态重金属的转运除了被动转运之外,还涉及到需要ATP供能的主动转运过程。     

Nereis diversicolor: an Unreliable Biomonitor of Metal Contamination in the 'Ría de Bilbao' (Spain)

Abstract. Samples of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. M üller and surficial sediments from a clean and a polluted estuary were taken during a year at monthly intervals to determine, by comparison, the range of temporal fluctuations in trace metal concentrations. Whereas metal variations in surficial sediments were more pronounced in the polluted estuary, concentrations in N. diversicolor in both estuaries showed a wide range of temporal variation that surpassed that of surficial sediments. A clear decline in all metals studied (except Mn) from polluted sediments was noted after episodes of strong rainfall. In the reference estuary the fluctuations were less pronounced. Metal body burdens in N. diversicolor from the two estuaries were usually quite similar even though total levels in sediments differed considerably, indicating a lack of worm-sediment relationship. The low level of Cu, Cr and Pb in the tissues of N. diversicolor suggest a mechanism which prevents the polychaete from being exposed to these metals in highly polluted sediments. Therefore, it is concluded that N. diversicolor cannot be considered to be an ideal biomonitor of metal contamination in the polluted Bilbao Estuary.     

Spatial and seasonal variations in depth profile of trace metals in saltmarsh sediments from Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA

This study was undertaken to elucidate the impact of early diagenetic processes on the accumulation of trace metals in Sapelo Island saltmarsh sediments as a function of time, space and sediment properties. Samples were collected from three sites in summer (May 1997) and winter (January 1998) along a transect from an unvegetated Creek Bank through a vegetated Tidal Levee to the vegetated midmarsh with evident lateral heterogeneity caused by hydrologic regime, macrophytes and microbial and macrofaunal activities. A suite of trace metals (As, Ba, Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Mo, Ni, Pb, Th, Ti, U, V, Zn and Zr) was analyzed to obtain their depth-distribution at the three sites. Spatially marked differences were observed, that were primarily related to hydraulic flushing of trace metals away from the sites in high-energy regimes, rapid downward mixing and reworking of sediment via bioturbation, and below-ground degradation and production of Spartina biomass. Although sulfate reduction and the formation of acid volatile sulfide and pyrite were dominant processes throughout the marsh, the trace metal scavenging role of sulfides was not apparent. However, possible sulfurization of organic matter, leading to enhanced trapping of trace metals with organic carbon, may have played an important role in sequestration of trace metals.No similarity was observed visually between the depth trends of trace metals and sediment properties (grain size, iron-oxyhydroxide content, acid volatile sulfides and pyrite content) that are known to play a major role in trace metal partitioning. Only organic carbon content closely followed the trace metal profiles at all the three sites. Minor variation in depth-integrated sediment trace metal content was observed seasonally at each of the three sites. Furthermore, the depth trend of profiles of individual trace metals also did not vary significantly over the seasons either.     

Geochemical and hydrodynamic constraints on the distribution of trace metal concentrations in the lagoon of Nouméa, New Caledonia

Seawater samples were collected in the lagoon of Nouméa (southwest New Caledonia) along two transects from eutrophic coastal bays to the oligotrophic barrier reef. Land-based emissions to the lagoon were measured with dissolved and particulate concentrations of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), used as tracers of both terrigenous and industrial (Ni ore treatment) activities, as well as dissolved and particulate concentrations of zinc (Zn), used as a tracer of urban effluents. The spatial variability of metal concentrations was related to geochemical and hydrodynamic conditions, i.e., respectively: (1) natural and anthropogenic emission sources, and chemical processes occurring in the water column; and (2) water residence times. The parameter used to describe the residence time of water masses was the local e-flushing time, i.e. the time required for a tracer mass contained within a given station to be reduced by a factor 1/e. High metal concentrations were found in coastal areas (up to 9000 ng dissolved Ni L⁻¹), and steeply decreased with distance from the coast (down to 101 ng dissolved Ni L⁻¹ near the barrier reef) to reach levels similar to those found in remote Pacific waters, suggesting a rapid renewal of waters close to the barrier. Distributions of metals in the lagoon are controlled upstream by land-based emission sources and later chemical processes. Then hydrodynamics constrain metal distributions, as shown by the observed relationship between local e-flushing times and the spatial variability of metal concentrations. In addition, a change in the direction of prevailing winds yielded a decrease of dissolved metal concentrations at the same site by a factor of 2.5 (Cr and Ni) and 2.9 (Zn). It is suggested that the residence time is a key parameter in the control of elemental concentrations in the lagoon waters, as much as land-based emission sources.     

双壳类分子生物标志物对海水重金属的响应评述

海洋双壳类动物的组织和器官对微量重金属具有高富集能力,诱导机体内的某些分子生物标志物(molecular biomarkers,MBMs)发生变化,可用于指示海水中的重金属污染水平。近10年来,许多学者在双壳类MBMs对海水重金属的响应规律方面进行了研究,其中,金属硫蛋白(MTs)、热激蛋白70(HSP70)、抗氧化防御系统等受到了较多的关注。本文在介绍这些MBMs结构和功能的基础上,重点评述了各种MBMs对海水重金属的响应特征,并提出了影响双壳类MBMs应用于海水重金属监测的因素及进一步研究的方向。     

Size distribution of colloidal trace metals and organic carbon during a coastal bloom in the Baltic Sea

The physico-chemical speciation of organic carbon and selected metals was measured during a coastal bloom in Ekhagen Bay, Baltic Sea, using ultrafiltration.One important objective with the study was to see if any depletion of trace metals could be measured in the directly bioavailable fraction (<1000 Da, the soluble low molecular weight fraction, LMW) during a plankton bloom. Filters with five different cut-offs were used (1 kD (1000 Da), 5 kD, 10 kD, 100 kD and 0.22 μm) in order to delineate the size distribution of colloidal organic carbon (COC) and trace metals.During the bloom in May, LMW Al, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni concentrations decreased although the colloidal and particulate concentrations were relatively high. Data show that desorption of colloidal and particulate bound trace metals to the LMW fraction was slower than the process depleting the LMW fraction.Estimates of the maximum active uptake of Cu, Ni and Mn by the phytoplankton, and the loss of non-bioactive Al from the LMW fraction, indicate that processes other than active uptake by phytoplankton must contribute to the observed depletion of trace metals in the LMW fraction. Hence, in order to estimate the bioavailable pool of trace metals for plankton during bloom conditions, these other processes must be understood and quantified.Transparent Exopolymeric Particles (TEP, reflecting sugar-rich phytoplankton exudates) increased around eight times during the plankton bloom. We hypothesize that the formation of TEP is a process that might be important for the transfer of trace metals from the LMW to the particulate fraction during the phytoplankton bloom, but the significance of TEP for this depletion in Baltic Sea surface water remains to be shown.