辽南中生代造山期缩短滑脱与晚造山伸展拆离构造

该区的构造格局主要由早期近东西向紧闭的褶皱带和晚期北北东向构造组成。早期的南北向缩短构造以龙王庙平卧褶皱和大小长山岛的直立紧闭褶皱为代表,分别具有扇状间隔性压溶劈理和透入性轴面片理,褶面倒向以北为主。北北东向构造切割近东西向构造,表层表现为北西西向薄皮逆冲推覆构造,浅层构造具有扇状压溶劈理的紧闭褶皱,深层表现为基底与盖层间的拆离断层及其下的韧性剪切带。早期的研究者将该断层作为辽南推覆构造底部的滑脱面,现今则压倒性地采用变质核杂岩的构造理念。根据相关剪切带早期面内褶皱发育,晚期伸展褶劈理发育,通过运动学涡度和应力状态分析,论证早期滑脱-推覆到晚期伸展拆离的演化过程。野外观测证明,辽南基底变质岩西侧的金州断层为一伸展拆离断层,它切割东侧的董家沟断层,前者平行于下伏糜棱岩中的同向伸展褶劈理,后者平行下伏糜棱岩的糜棱面理。金州拆离断层的形成及其东侧的隆起标志着辽南构造体制从缩短到伸展的转折。根据相关的年代学研究,这一构造体制转化发生在早白垩世(约120～107 Ma)。该区最新的构造事件是北东-南西向的缩短,相关的北北东向的右行走滑断层与晚白垩世以来的郯庐断层活动方式一致。     

最大有效力矩准则的理论拓展

在分析"导致变形带内先存面理或层理发生转动的最大有效力矩与先存面理或层理方向有关"的基础上, 对最大有效力矩准则(M_eff=0.5(σ₁-σ₃) Lsin2αsinα)进行理论上的拓展, 提出了可以判定任意方向先存面理最大有效力矩的准则——泛最大有效力矩准则(M_G-eff=0.5(σ₁-σ₃)Lsin2αsin(α-θ)), 其中当先存面理与最大主压应力(σ₁)平行时, 则成为最大有效力矩准则。该准则的理论分析表明:①当先存面理与σ₁平行时, 在σ₁左右两侧±54.7°方向出现2个有效力矩的最大值, 形成共轭的变形带, 钝角(109.4°)对着σ₁方向; ②当先存面理与σ₁斜交时, 在σ₁的另一侧出现1个有效力矩的最大值, 从而只出现一个方向的变形带, 并随着先存面理偏离σ₁方向, 变形带与σ₁的夹角逐渐减小(从θ=0°时的54.7°, 减小到θ=90°时的35.3°), 而与先存面理之间的夹角逐渐增大(从θ=0°时的54.7°, 增加到θ=90°时的125.3°); ③当先存面理与σ₁垂直时, 在σ₁左右两侧± 35.3°方向出现2个有效力矩的最大值, 也形成共轭的变形带, 但锐角(70.6°)对着σ₁方向。在主应变平面上变形带与先存面理方向及变形带剪切方向(左旋或右旋)已知的情况下, 可以确定最大主压应力方向。泛最大有效力矩准则克服了最大有效力矩准则与滑移线理论不相容的问题, 可以解释大多膝褶带非共轭发育等多种现象, 预期在韧性变形域中具有广阔的应用前景。      

宁陕断裂带韧性剪切变形终点——来自龙脖子剪切带活动时代的限定

南秦岭宁陕断裂镇安段北缘的龙脖子剪切带记录了宁陕断裂带左行走滑韧性剪切变形过程。带内3类石英脉体和方解石脉体的ESR年龄分别为125.6～88.7Ma、56.7～32.9Ma和19.8～14.6Ma。其中第一类产出于构造片理和A型褶皱核部的石英脉体,代表左行走滑韧性剪切变形结束、脆性构造活跃的时代。研究表明,宁陕左行走滑剪切带在晚三叠世早期开始活动,且可能持续到早—中侏罗世。第一类脉体年龄的确定表明,宁陕断裂带左行走滑韧性剪切变形最晚可持续到早白垩世;晚白垩世—始新世,宁陕断裂带以伸展-走滑脆性或韧-脆性剪切变形为主。因此,早白垩世是宁陕断裂带韧性剪切变形向脆性剪切变形转换的关键时期。宁陕断裂带经历了晚三叠世—中侏罗世晚期快速冷却阶段、晚侏罗世—白垩纪缓慢冷却阶段和古近纪以来快速冷却阶段。宁陕断裂带在缓慢冷却晚期(早白垩世)实现韧性剪切变形向脆性剪切变形转换说明,早白垩世也是秦岭造山带陆内变形机制转变的关键时期。     

栉江珧第1卵裂抑制型雌核发育二倍体人工诱导的研究

利用6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(60 mg/L;6-DMAP)抑制第一卵裂,成功诱导出栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)雌核发育二倍体.研究结果表明在培养温度为24℃的条件下,受精后60 min用质量浓度为60 mg/L的6-DMAP处理栉江珧受精卵15 min进行雌核发育二倍体的诱导效果理想,D形幼虫发生率和诱导率分别为14.7%和22.7%.细胞学观察显示,6-DMAP阻止了纺锤体的形成和染色体的移动,导致一个融合的二倍性雌性原核的形成.本研究结果首次提供了栉江珧雌核发育二倍体的细胞学证据.     

Episodic porphyroblast growth in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup, Newfoundland: timing relative to the sequential development of multiple crenulation cleavages

Inclusion trails in garnet and albite porphyroblasts in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup preserve successive generations of microstructures, some of which correlate with equivalent microstructures in the matrix. Microstructure–porphyroblast relationships provide timing constraints on a succession of seven crenulation cleavages (S1–S7) and five stages of porphyroblast growth. Significant destruction and alteration of early fabrics has occurred during the microstructural development of the rock mass. Garnet porphyroblasts grew episodically through four growth stages (G1–G4) and preserve a succession of five fabrics (S1–S5) as inclusion trails. Garnet growth during each of the four growth phases did not occur on all pre-existing porphyroblasts, resulting in contrasting growth histories between individual garnet porphyroblasts from the same outcrop. Albite porphyroblasts grew during a single stage of growth and have overgrown microstructures continuous with the matrix. The garnet and albite porphyroblast inclusion trails record a succession of crenulation cleavages without any rotation of the porphyroblasts relative to other porphyroblasts in the population.
Complex microstructural histories are best resolved by preparing multiple oriented thin sections from a large number of samples of different rock types within the area of study. The succession of matrix foliations must be understood, as it provides the most useful time-frame against which to measure the relative timing of phases of porphyroblast growth. Comparable microstructures must be identified in different porphyroblasts and in the rock matrix.     

滇西澜沧变质带的变形序列与变质作用初步研究

研究表明澜沧变质带由小黑江-西定混杂带和澜沧变质混杂带2个构造地层单元组成。前者经历了3期构造变形与2期变质作用,形成了呈南北向展布的区域性流劈理S1以及冲断-褶皱构造,主期蓝片岩相变质作用形成以蓝闪石、3T多硅白云母及黑硬绿泥石等高压相矿物为特征。后者在小黑江-西定混杂带变质变形之前业已普遍发育近东西向的褶皱构造及绿片岩相变质作用,尔后又经历了与前者相同的变形与变质历史。二者主期变质与变形作用发生在279-214Ma,与古特提斯构造发育密切相关,并形成了本带如今呈南北向展布的构造格局。     

Territories and identities in Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city of many contrasts. It is a historical-symbolic city, revered by Muslims, Christians and Jews. However, its citizens segregate ethno-nationally, culturally and socially, into different identity groups: Jews and Arabs, Haredi (`ultra-Orthodox') and secular Jews, and lower and upper class socio-economic groups. This essay focuses on how political and social struggles over territories reshape the nature of the identities of four distinct groups in Jerusalem. These are ethno-national groups (Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs), cultural groups (ultra-Orthodox Jews, in Hebrew Haredim (zealots), and non-Orthodox Jews), ethno-social groups (disadvantaged groups mainly of oriental descent, in Hebrew Mizrahim and advantaged groups) and economic and ecological groups (the business sector and inhabitants of private residential areas of the city). Thus, long-term historical processes have produced distinct ethno-national, cultural and social identity groups, which occupy specific territories within Jerusalem. The different groups have endowed their territory with dissimilar geopolitical, cultural, and economic meanings and played a major role in the reconstruction of national, cultural, social and ecological identities in the city. The city of Jerusalem is not only a spiritual centre associated with age-long dreams for peace and justice, it is also a violent city, rife with tensions and conflicts, a symbol of national, cultural, economic and ecological struggles. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing all those concerned about its future is whether Jerusalem's universal image of a spiritual, tolerant and just city can overcome its current, particularistic and conflict ridden image.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂系统成因的构造解析

本文在对南堡凹陷三维联片地震资料构造解析的基础上,应用先存构造构造条件下的断层作用模式,结合构造物理模拟实验成果,系统分析了南堡凹陷的断裂系统和构造样式。表明,南堡凹陷是典型的斜向伸展构造样式,其中受铲式和（或）坡坪式边界正断层及先存断裂共同控制的复式 “y” 形样式是南堡凹陷基本的构造样式,其次是复式“x”形、“多米诺式”、“阶梯式”和“铲式扇”断块构造样式。平面上划分出为4个断裂系统：北堡－老爷庙断裂系统,高柳断裂系统,柏各庄断裂系统和南堡断裂系统,其中高柳断裂系统和南堡断裂系统进一步分别划分为2个和3个子断裂系统;纵向上划分出下部（E2s3构造层）和上部（E2s1-Q地层）两个断裂系统,E2s2是上下两个断裂系统的过渡层,断层不发育。断层的平面组合形式有4种,分别为：平行状、平行交织状、“梳状”和“帚状”。“两期伸展” 的变形叠加模式可以合理地解释南堡凹陷新生代的构造变形：E2s3期的构造变形在是以中生代形成的先存构造为基础,北西-南东方向伸展作用的结果;E2s1以来的变形是以E2s3期形成的断裂为先存构造,南北向伸展作用的结果;E2s2是应力体制转换的过渡阶段。凹陷边界断层（西南庄断层、柏各庄断层和高柳断层）存在显著的分段性,不同段落断层的走向、性质和活动性、均表现出很大的差异,而且在不同构造演化阶段发生显著的变化。凹陷边界断层及凹陷内的南堡断层、和蛤坨断层组成的构造格架对南堡凹陷断裂系统的形成和演化起重要的控制作用,复杂的先存构造是造成断裂系统横向差异的根本原因。     

Growth and deformation of porphyroblasts in the Foothills terrane, central Sierra Nevada, California: negotiating a microstructural minefield

Abstract The main porphyroblastic minerals in schists and phyllites of the Foothills terrane, Western Metamorphic Belt, central Sierra Nevada, California, are cordierite and andalusite (mostly chiastolite). Less commonly, biotite, muscovite, chlorite, garnet or staurolite are also present as porphyroblasts. The variety of porphyroblast and matrix microstructures in these rocks makes them suitable for testing three modern hypotheses on growth and deformation of porphyroblasts: (1) porphyroblast growth is always syndeformational; (2) porphyroblasts nucleate only in low-strain, largely coaxially deformed, quartz-rich (Q) domains of a crenulation foliation and are dissolved in active high-strain, non-coaxially deformed, mica-rich (M) domains, the spacing between which limits the size of the porphyroblasts; and (3) porphyroblasts generally do not rotate, with respect to geographical coordinates, during deformation, provided they do not deform internally, so that they may be used as reliable indicators of the orientation of former regional structural surfaces, even on the scale of orogenic belts. Some porphyroblast–matrix relationships in the Foothills terrane are inconsistent with hypotheses 1 and 2, and others are equivocal. For example, in many rocks it cannot be determined whether the porphyroblasts grew where the strain had already been partitioned into M and Q domains, whether the porphyroblasts caused this partitioning, or both. Although most porphyroblasts appear to be syndeformational, as predicted by hypothesis 1, observations that do not support the general application of hypotheses 1 and 2 to rocks of the Foothills terrane include: (a) lack of residual crenulations in many strain-shadows and alternative explanations where they are present; (b) absence of porphyroblasts smaller than the distance between nearest mica-rich domains; (c) nucleation of crenulations on existing porphyroblasts, rather than nucleation of porphyroblasts between existing crenulations; (d) presence of micaceous ‘arcs’in an undifferentiated matrix against some porphyroblasts, suggesting static growth; (e) absence of crenulations in porphyroblastic rocks showing sedimentary bedding; and (f) porphyroblasts with very small, random inclusions, which are probably pre-deformational. Similarly, porphyroblasts that have overgrown sets of crenulations and porphyroblasts with micaceous ‘arcs’are probably post-deformational, at least on the scale of a large thin section and probably over much larger areas, judging from mesoscopic structural evidence. Some porphyroblasts in rocks of the Foothills terrane do not appear to have rotated, with respect to geographical coordinates, during matrix deformation, in accordance with hypothesis 3, at least on the scale of a large thin section. However, other porphyroblasts evidently have rotated. In some instances, this appears to be due to mutual interference, but many apparently rotational porphyroblasts are too far apart to have interfered with each other, which indicates that the rotation was associated with deformation of the matrix. The occurrence of planar bedding surfaces adjacent to porphyroblasts about which bedding and/or foliation surfaces are folded suggests rotation of the porphyroblasts during non-coaxial flow parallel to bedding, rather than crenulation of the matrix foliation around static porphyroblasts. It appears that porphyroblasts may rotate during deformation if the matrix is relatively homogeneous, so that the strain is effectively non-coaxial. This may occur after homogenization of a matrix in response to the strongest degree of crenulation folding, whereas the same porphyroblasts may have been inhibited from rotating previously, when strain accumulation was partitioned in the matrix.     

西准噶尔克拉玛依后山地区不同方向劈理特征及其动力学背景

劈理构造是一定应力场中形成的具有透入性的面状构造, 一般代表变形过程中的最大压扁面.通过了解某一区域的劈理特征和发育序次, 能对该区域的构造变形序次和大地构造演化研究有一定的指示意义.在准噶尔盆地西北缘扎伊尔山石炭纪地层中发育多组透入性的劈理构造, 通过实地对研究区内劈理系统性地观察, 理出了3类劈理: (1)早期与蛇绿混杂岩构造就位相关的劈理; (2)晚期顺达尔布特断裂和哈图断裂发育的断裂劈理以及(3)方位十分稳定, 与层理发生不同程度置换, 构成不同大小的夹角, 代表近南北向区域性挤压运动的近EW向劈理.早期劈理产生于晚石炭世早晚之交, 与研究区内蛇绿混杂岩系在晚石炭世陆块斜向汇拢洋盆汇聚闭合、蛇绿混杂岩陆续构造就位于上覆相对较新的地层系统有关; 大型断裂劈理与区域内二叠-三叠纪大规模的北东-南西向断裂左旋走滑有关; 东西向劈理切过305±15 Ma的花岗斑岩脉, 而未影响到不整合于石炭系地层之上的中生代地层(最老为晚三叠世), 结合区域构造背景确定其形成时限为二叠纪末-早中三叠世, 与第2类劈理近于准同时, 可能与西伯利亚板块向南推挤导致的近南北向陆内挤压有关.