Lead-zinc resource prediction in India: An application of Zipf's law

Resource prediction is necessary for allocation of exploration efforts to keep pace with future demand and the growth pattern of a commodity. Zipf's law, a mathematical relationship between size and rank of discrete phenomena, has been used for resource prediction of oil in Western Canada, uranium, gold, tin, and lead-zinc deposits in Australia, and copper deposits in Zambia. The model, applied to lead-zinc metal accumulation of 24 known precambrain deposits in India, indicates that about 75% of the lead-zinc metal is yet to be discovered. The probability of occurrence of 14 deposits of larger dimensions based on the cumulative percentage frequency for different accumulations lies between 5 and 30%. In future exploration, preference should be given to more effort in the Banded Gneissic Complex of Rajasthan in comparison to Aravalilis of Rajasthan, followed by similar environments throughout the country and Palaeozoic strata of the Himalayas.     

Estimating monthly streamflow values by cokriging

Cokriging is applied to estimation of missing monthly streamflow values in three records from gaging stations in west central Virginia. Missing values are estimated from optimal consideration of the pattern of auto- and cross-correlation among standardized residual log-flow records. Investigation of the sensitivity of estimation to data configuration showed that when observations are available within two months of a missing value, estimation is improved by accounting for correlation. Concurrent and lag-one observations tend to screen the influence of other available observations. Three models of covariance structure in residual log-flow records are compared using cross-validation. Models differ in how much monthly variation they allow in covariance. Precision of estimation, reflected in mean squared error (MSE), proved to be insensitive to this choice. Cross-validation is suggested as a tool for choosing an inverse transformation when an initial nonlinear transformation is applied to flow values.     

用于速度图象重建的层析成象法

本文提出了一种用于速度图象重建的层析成象法。特别注意到地震学上的ST与医学上的CT的不尽相同之处,并处理了由此引起的困难。与速度图象重建有关的正问题的分析表明,不同频率范围的资料其分辨能力是不同的,因此,区域地震与远震资料的解释应予注意。本文有关速度图象重建的讨论不仅涉及到与成象方法有关的反演理论和方法,还给出了进行数值计算的内存量和运算量的分析。关于重建图象的质量评价,还给出了反演解的可靠性分析,为分辨特性的描述提供了一种既简便又形象直观的方案。 本文的方法与现行主要方法的比较表明:1.本文的方法允许存在速度间断面,有利于揭示不同构造区域的地壳厚度的差异;2.在常用的方法中,作为正问题假定的常速度块同反演结果解释时非常速度块之间不协调。由于我们把给定网格点的速度值的插值函数作为速度的空间函数,这一困难已被解决;3.相对于Aki等的一般方法,本文的内存量节省约一个量级、运算量减少约一半;4.相对于ART类方法本身不能给出成象结果的可靠性分析,本文的方法则具有显著的优点。 作者在分析了天然地震资料的状况之后相信,对充分利用我国地震台网的现有观测资料,本文的方法是有效的。     

七九○二铀矿床成因初探

本文對七九○二铀矿床的地质特征、控矿因素及其成因进行了初步的研究,提出該矿床属花岗岩类断裂構造古淋积型铀矿床。在分析动力变质作用与岩源铀活化迁移的关系以及古氧化作用与后生淋积成矿关系的基础上,探讨了花岗岩断裂构造带特有的成矿特征及古淋积成矿演变史,从而同典型的花岗岩型铀矿床相区別。     

试论小型梭车的设计

根据地质勘探小断面巷道的特点,结合对YS—25梭式矿车的研究,论文提出了小型梭车的主要参数——容积的计算式,并进行了生产验证。论文指出车型设计应以提高容积系数为主,注重车箱断面的合理宽高比,以获得最佳的装载效率。至于安装功率的选取,笔者认为应充分考虑梭车纯运转时间短的工作特点,不必按尖峰载荷值计算,可直接按实需牵引力加以确定。     

Airborne VLF Measurements and Variations of Ground Conductivity: A Tutorial

Airborne very low frequency (VLF) data are routinely collected by national agencies and commercial companies together with other passive geophysical measurements of the static magnetic field and radiometric data. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that both standard three-component VLF and tensor VLF (TVLF) data contain a lot of useful quantitative and qualitative information about the electrical conductivity distribution in the upper few hundred meters of the crystalline basement. We first give a new derivation of the fundamental transfer functions (the tipper) used in the TVLF technique. We then show that the tipper can be estimated from simultaneous measurements of the wave magnetic fields from at least two transmitters with somewhat different frequencies, and present a simple model by which the maximum error introduced by the difference in frequencies can be found. Single transmitter scalar VLF maps emphasise those conductive structures that have dominant strikes in the direction of the transmitter. Multiple transmitter transfer functions are dependent only upon the underlying conductivity structure. Two dimensional structures can be quantitatively modelled by modern inversion methods developed originally for deep electromagnetic magnetotelluric (MT) soundings. In such cases three-component VLF measurements can be modelled easily upon appropriate rotation of the co-ordinate system to “strike” co-ordinates. Single frequency transfer functions (tippers) have real and imaginary parts that carry information on not only lateral contrasts in conductivity, as usually stated in text books, but, taken together, they provide a robust tool for determining the background conductivity level away from distinct conductors, and they can also be used to discriminate between deep and shallow conductors. Based upon simulations using multi-frequency data, it can be concluded that such a new development would dramatically increase the resolving power of airborne VLF measurements.     

Correlations of blast damage to ground surface targets with explosion seismic effect

For an explosion resource, to evaluate its damage power to ground surface targets is an important problem. Two direct methods, measuring of air shock wave pressures generated by explosion and experimental observation of simulation target damage, are usually used to appraise this blast damage power. However, the measuring system of air shock wave pressures is not only very complex, but there are some problems to gauge the pressure sensors and the measured pressures often exhibit a strong scatter of data. In a simulation way, the used targets, easily damaged by explosion action, are not used once again so that there is the waste of materials. A measuring system of explosion seismic waves, with the characteristics being stable in operation and convenient to arrange the sensors of seismic waves, cannot be easily damaged in the process of experiment. If the explosion seismic strength is able to reflect the damage effects of explosion resources to ground surface targets, it is possible to suggest a new evaluation method based on the seismic effect, which, to large extent, will overcome the drawbacks of those two methods mentioned above. In this work, the potential of this new method is investigated experimentally. The experimental results show that under the identical ground-layer state and within a definite distance range, it is available to employ the explosion seismic effect to evaluate the damage power of explosion resources to ground surface targets.     

人工蚂蚁感知规律的研究

从分析自然蚂蚁行为出发，阐述了人工蚂蚁采用影像纹理能量作为自身信息素，通过信息素相似性度量，使其具有“识别”、“记忆”感知功能的原理和方法。通过大量实验分析了影响人工蚂蚁感知能力的因素，得到人工蚂蚁感知规律的一些认识，这些认识对蚁群行为仿真在图像解译中的应用有一定的指导价值。     

基于移动开窗法协方差估计和方差分量估计的自适应滤波

基于移动窗口协方差估计和方差分量估计，提出了一种新的自适应Kalman滤波技术。计算结果证实，该方法能有效地控制观测异常和载体状态扰动异常对动态系统参数估值的影响。     

Flow hydraulics and geomorphic effects of glacial‐lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest region,Nepal

Glacial‐lake outburst floods (GLOFs) on 3 September 1977 and 4 August 1985 dramatically modified channels and valleys in the Mount Everest region of Nepal by eroding, transporting, and depositing large quantities of sediment for tens of kilometres along the flood routes. The GLOF discharges were 7 to 60 times greater than normal floods derived from snowmelt runoff, glacier meltwater, and monsoonal precipitation (referred to as seasonal high flow floods, SHFFs). Specific stream power values ranged from as low as 1900 W m^?2 in wide, low‐gradient valley segments to as high as 51 700 W m^?2 in narrow, high‐gradient valley segments bounded by bedrock. Along the upper 16 km of the GLOF routes, the reach‐averaged specific stream power of the GLOFs was 3·2 to 8·0 times greater than the reach‐averaged specific stream power of the SHFFs. The greatest geomorphic change occurred along the upper 10 to 16 km of the GLOF routes, where the ratio between the GLOF specific stream power and the SHFF specific stream power was the greatest, there was an abundant supply of sediment, and channel/valley boundaries consisted primarily of unconsolidated sediment. Below 11 to 16 km from the source area, the geomorphic effects of the GLOFs were reduced because of the lower specific stream power ratio between the GLOFs and SHFFs, more resistant bedrock flow boundaries, reduced sediment supply, and the occurrence of past GLOFs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.