湖南省核电厂侯选厂址的工程地质评价

１９９２年以来，湖南省电力勘测设计院在省内开展了核电普查选址工作，经过３年多的勘查，现已筛选出４个侯选厂址。作者著文探讨了这４个厂址的地震地质特征和工程地质条件，可供进一步选址参考     

岩石节理的渗流广义立方定理

首先讨论了岩石节理的渗流立方定理及其适用条件，然后从渗流与变形耦合的角度，论述了节理的开度性质，并提出了适用于一般节理的渗流广义立方定理，最后用有限元数值模拟方法验证了广义立方定理。     

p－范分布密度函数的推导

用较为简便的方法推导了一元及ｎ元ｐ－范分布的密度函数，研究了它的几个性质。     

中国土壤系统分类高级单元的分布规律

本文着重探讨中国土壤系统分类高级单元的分布规律。研究结果表明，在已确立的１４个土纲中，有６种呈现出规则性连续分布，还可以划分出干旱、干润和湿润三大系列的土壤，其它８种构成地域性间断分布。此外，在山地还表现出土壤垂直分布。     

SOME REGULARITIES OF HEAVY RAIN IN XINJIANG,CHINA

The paper studied the distribution law of Xinjiang's heavy rain in time-area-depth bytheoretical expression deduced from the entropy maximum principle and found some regularities ofheavy rainfall in Xinjiang based on analyzing 32-year observational data from about 400hydrological and meteorological stations.It has practical significance for studying Xinjiang's heavyrainfall,designing water conservancy and reducing flood catastrophe caused by heavy rain.     

Spatial continuity measures for probabilistic and deterministic geostatistics

Geostatistics has traditionally used a probabilistic framework, one in which expected values or ensemble averages are of primary importance. The less familiar deterministic framework views geostatistical problems in terms of spatial integrals. This paper outlines the two frameworks and examines the issue of which spatial continuity measure, the covarianceC (h) or the variogram (h), is appropriate for each framework. AlthoughC (h) and (h) were defined originally in terms of spatial integrals, the convenience of probabilistic notation made the expected value definitions more common. These now classical expected value definitions entail a linear relationship betweenC (h) and (h); the spatial integral definitions do not. In a probabilistic framework, where available sample information is extrapolated to domains other than the one which was sampled, the expected value definitions are appropriate; furthermore, within a probabilistic framework, reasons exist for preferring the variogram to the covariance function. In a deterministic framework, where available sample information is interpolated within the same domain, the spatial integral definitions are appropriate and no reasons are known for preferring the variogram. A case study on a Wiener-Levy process demonstrates differences between the two frameworks and shows that, for most estimation problems, the deterministic viewpoint is more appropriate. Several case studies on real data sets reveal that the sample covariance function reflects the character of spatial continuity better than the sample variogram. From both theoretical and practical considerations, clearly for most geostatistical problems, direct estimation of the covariance is better than the traditional variogram approach.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987.     

Bedload transport in two gravel-bedded streams

Bedload transport measurements in two upland streams are considered as a function of the excess stream power exerted on the bed by the flow. During low flows when the framework gravels remain undisturbed, fine sediments are winnowed from the bed-surface layer once a threshold of 3·4 W m^?2 is exceeded and the transport rate is strongly supply limited. However for stream powers in excess of 15 W m^?2 framework gravels are mobilized and the efficiency of the transport process approaches a local maximum of about 1 per cent for discharges up to 2/3 of bankfull. An inverse depth dependence in the efficiency of the transport process was noted but although bedload calibre increased as a function of discharge its influence on efficiency could not be demonstrated. However it was suspected that the size-sorting relationships of the bed-material in a number of rivers in relation to the transport efficiency might profitably be examined further.     

Seismicity simulation with a rate- and state-dependent friction law

The dynamic motions and stabilities of a single-degree-of-freedom elastic system controlled by different friction laws are compared. The system consists of a sliding block connected to an elastic spring, driven at a constant velocity. The friction laws are a laboratory-inferred friction law called the rate-and-state-dependent friction law, proposed by Dieterich and Ruina, and a simple friction law described by dynamic and static frictions. We further extend the solution to a one-dimensional mass-spring model which is an analog of a fault controlled by the rate-and-state-dependent friction law. This model predicts non uniform slip and stress drop along the rupture length of a heterogeneous fault. This result is very different from some earlier modelings based on the simple friction law and a slip weakening friction law. In those earlier modelings the stress and slip functions become smoother with time along the length of the fault rupture, owing to the interactions between fault segments during slip. Because of this smoothing process the number of small events will decrease with time, and the universilly observed stationary magnitude-frequency relation cannot be explained. The interaction between a fault segment and its neighboring segments can be measured when the post-slip stress on this segment is compared with the stress on an identical segment (represented by a block in this modeling) without neighboring segments. If the post-slip stress of the former is much higher than that of the latter, strong interaction exists; if the two are close, only weak interaction exists. The interaction is determined by the relative motion between fault segments and the time duration of interaction. Our new modeling with the rate-and-state-dependent friction law appears to show no such smoothing effect and provides a physical mechanism for the roughening process in the difference between the fault strength and stress that is necessary to explain the observed stationary magnitude-frequency relation. The noninstantaneous healing predicted by the rate-and-state-dependent friction law may be repsonsible for the recurring nonuniform slip and stress drop, and may be explained by the reduction of interaction among fault segments due to the low frictional strength during the fault stopping. The very low friction during slip stopping allows much longer times than does the higher friction due to instantaneous healing for the fault segments to adjust their motions from an upper-limit slip velocity to almost rest. According to newton's second law, a process with fixed masses and constant velocity changes involves low forces and weak interactions if it is accomplished in a long time period, and vice versa. Our modeling also indicates that the existence of strong patches with higher effective stress on a fault is needed for the occurrence of major events. The creeping section of a fault, such as the one along the San Andreas fault in central California, on the other hand, can be simulated with the rate-and-state-dependent friction law by certain model parameters, which, however, must not include strong patches. In this case small earthquakes and aseismic creep relieve the accumulating strain without any large events.     

Friction constitutive law with rate and state dependences

A general formula for the Dieterich-Ruina friction constitutive law with rate and state (n-state variables,n=1, 2,...) dependences has been obtained and discussed under the assumption that the slip acceleration a varies ion a linearly with the slip displacement , namelya = a ₀ + (-₀). Wherea ₀, ₀ are initial constants, is the acceleration rate and constant.a ₀ and may be arbitrary constants (positive, negative or zero).The extreme value of frictional resistance and the existence condition of the extreme value, which are very important and govern to some degree the motion process of a frictionally slipping mechanical system, have been analyzed. A critical value _c which is the measure of the velocity weakening and velocity strengthening of the mechanical system, and its properties and the relationship to the extreme problem have been studied. Again, according to the critical value _c, the concepts of light or strong velocity weakening (or strengthening) are introduced.A possibly new phenomenon that frictional resistance may vary in some kind of decayed oscillation is found. Finally, the condition for the smallest frictional resistance for a slipping mechanical system with nonuniform acceleration has been obtained.