长白山天池火山千年大喷发岩浆含水量研究——熔融包裹体含水量的红外光谱测试

长白山天池火山在公元一千年左右曾发生过大规模喷发,其产物为大面积分布的灰白色碱流质浮岩和碎屑流,在其斑晶矿物橄榄石、钙铁辉石和碱性长石中均可见到熔融包裹体。在最主要的斑晶矿物——碱性长石中含有数量众多且个体也较大的熔融包裹体,多数含有一个以上的气泡,其中部分含有子晶,根据形貌特征的不同可分为截然不同的两组包裹体。这些熔融包裹体带有大量喷发前地下岩浆的信息,成为研究地下深部的岩浆在复杂的溢流-爆炸喷发中所发生变化的最好媒介。也是本文的研究对象,通过其中挥发份尤其是水的含量,可以推知天池火山发生大喷发的原因。经Nicolet Magna-IR 550红外光谱仪测定,这些熔融包裹体的含水量较高,达1．6％-3．6％,为当时天池火山发生了巨大规模爆炸喷发的原因提供了强有力的证据。但目前红外光谱仪的应用范围还比较有限,有待今后拓宽其应用领域。     

常用化学风化指标综述：应用与展望

常用化学风化指标诸如帕克风化指数（WIP）、化学蚀变指数（CIA）、成分变异指数（ICV）、CIX指数和αAlE常被用于评价源区化学风化强度,但利用以上化学风化指标评价化学风化强度时要考虑不同指标的控制因素,否则会导致风化评价结果失真。文章认为以最常用化学风化指标探究源区化学风化过程时,应在了解源区地质信息的情况下,选取合适的的细粒物质或悬浮物作为样品减弱粒度的控制作用,通过酸处理去除杂质,再利用Sc/Th-CIA 判别图反映物源信息,Th/Sc-Zr/Sc判别图进一步判别沉积分异和沉积再旋回的控制作用,进而选取ICV＞1的样品排除再旋回作用的干扰,用A-CN-K图或Panahi（2000）提出的公式进行钾交代作用的校正,最终通过CIA计算得出源岩化学风化强度。为确保准确反映源区风化情况,利用SPSS进行CIA受控因子分析,进而构建研究区的特征风化指标。     

Potassium and Residue Management Options to Enhance Productivity and Soil Quality in Zero Till Maize–Wheat Rotation

Crop residue burning and imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers in intensive cereal–cereal rotations are present ecological threats in any agro‐ecosystem of the world. Therefore, identification of best suitable agricultural practices can be a feasible option. The present experiment was initiated in 2013 and consisted of four residue levels (0, 2, 4, and 6 Mg ha^?1) and five potassium (K) levels (0, 50, 100, 150% recommended dose of K and 50%RDK+K solubilizing bacteria, KSB). Crop residue (CR) and K management significantly improve crop and soil quality associated parameters. Among the treatments, maximum increase in crop growth, physiological parameters, grain yield, quality aspects, and water productivity are recorded with the application of 4–6 Mg ha^?1 CR. Application of 50%RDK+KSB also significantly increases crop and soil related parameters. Soil quality indicators (bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and available micronutrients) do not vary significantly with CR and K management. Change in soil organic carbon status, soil enzymes, and potassium‐solubilizing bacterial count are significantly increased with 4–6 Mg ha^?1 CR and application of 50%RDK+KSB, and this is in accordance with correlation study carried out. Therefore, it is concluded that CR retention (4–6 Mg ha^?1) and reduction of inorganic K fertilizer by 50% and inoculation of KSB enhance the soil quality indicators and thereby improve crop growth, physiological parameters, grain yield, and quality aspects along with water productivity under zero till maize–wheat rotation.     

吉南太古宙地体钾事件成因研究

吉林南部的通化、柳河和白山地区的太古宙表壳岩系和TTG杂岩中,广泛存在钾化、钾长石脉、钾长石石英脉和钾质伟晶岩脉,显示在地质历史时期中该区曾经发生过广泛的钾事件。经野外地质调查、显微镜观察以及电子探针、X射线衍射及稳定同位素综合分析,确定出:①不同产状的钾长石的主要氧化物含量稳定;②从变黑云钾长花岗岩、黑云长英片麻岩到花岗伟晶岩脉,钾长石三斜度和有序度略显增高,但变化幅度较小;③不同产状钾长石的δ18O值较集中,变化于(4.90~8.49)×10-3。认为,该区的钾长石是来自于同一个岩浆源的物质在同一岩浆作用过程中不同阶段、不同就位方式的产物。     

钾长石制备X型分子筛的试验研究

以长白山天然钾长石矿为原料,采用水热合成法制备了X型沸石分子筛,对影响合成工艺和产物性能等因素进行了研究.试验表明,反应混合物的配比:水钠比、硅铝比,反应过程中的搅拌速度及凝胶混合物的陈化是合成分子筛的关键工艺参数;晶化12 h是合成反应的最佳结晶时间;产物的吸附量达到了国家化学工业产品标准.     

溶浸开采深埋藏杂卤石可行性及溶浸动力学模拟

我国杂卤石矿资源丰富,由于其较难溶性和深埋藏的特点,至今仍未开发利用。根据杂卤石矿成矿条件分析,该矿具有良好的封闭围岩,具备溶浸开采的基本地质条件。溶浸开采杂卤石的技术关键在于其中有效成分的溶出。理论及实验基础研究表明CaCl2等无机盐溶液可改善杂卤石的溶解性能。溶浸开采可能成为深埋藏杂卤石的开发的有效途径。通过实验考查溶浸剂CaCl2浓度、矿石粒度、渗滤速度、渗滤路径等影响杂卤石溶解过程的技术因素,溶解过程动力学研究结果表明用氯化钙溶液渗滤浸出杂卤石的过程符合В.С.Голубев—Г.Н.Крuчев建立的金属浸出动力学模型即C=CH[1-e-γ(χ-vBt)U-vB]。浸出液中K+浓度同渗滤速度与渗滤路径长度之比呈指数关系。根据溶解实验数据求得钾浸出速率常数及钾充分浸出开始到进入液相所需的时间。当渗滤速度从0.159m/h提高到0.318m/h时,浸出速率常数分别为0.03132h-1和0.04383h-1,金属离子充分浸出开始到进入液相所需的时间由297.528h降为218.997h。地浸开采深埋藏杂卤石可以缓解我国钾盐资源紧缺矛盾。     

Bioturbation and erosion rates along the soil-hillslope conveyor belt,part 1: Insights from single-grain feldspar luminescence

The interplay of bioturbation, soil production and long-term erosion–deposition in soil and landscape co-evolution is poorly understood. Single-grain post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) measurements on sand-sized grains of feldspar from the soil matrix can provide direct information on all three processes. To explore the potential of this novel method, we propose a conceptual model of how post-IR IRSL-derived burial age and fraction of surface-visiting grains change with soil depth and along a hillslope catena. We then tested this conceptual model by comparison with post-IR IRSL results for 15 samples taken at different depths within four soil profiles along a hillslope catena in the Santa Clotilde Critical Zone Observatory (southern Spain). In our work, we observed clear differences in apparent post-IR IRSL burial age distributions with depth along the catena, with younger ages and more linear age–depth structure for the hill-base profile, indicating the influence of lateral deposition processes. We noted shallower soils and truncated burial age–depth functions for the two erosional mid-slope profiles, and an exponential decline of burial age with depth for the hill-top profile. We suggest that the downslope increase in the fraction of surface-visiting grains at intermediate depths (20 cm) indicates creep to be the dominant erosion process. Our study demonstrates that single-grain feldspar luminescence signature-depth profiles provide a new way of tracing vertical and lateral soil mixing and transport processes. In addition, we propose a new objective luminescence-based criterion for mapping the soil-bedrock boundary, thus producing soil depths in better agreement with geomorphological process considerations. Our work highlights the possibilities of feldspar single grain techniques to provide quantitative insights into soil production, bioturbation and erosion–deposition. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

On the dose dependency of the bleachable and non-bleachable components of IRSL from K-feldspar: Improved procedures for luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments

The infrared (IR) stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signals from K-feldspar can, for convenience, be divided into two components, bleachable and ‘non-bleachable’, where the latter corresponds to the ‘residual’ signal observed in sunlight-bleached samples. In this paper, we examine the non-bleachable component of IRSL of K-feldspar for several sedimentary samples from across Eurasia. We observed a large variability in the residual doses among these samples after prolonged exposure to sunlight. By employing multiple elevated temperature (MET) IR stimulations at 50–300 °C, we show that the residual dose increases systematically with stimulation temperature, attaining values as high as ∼50 Gy at 300 °C, even after several hours to tens of hours of exposure to unfiltered sunlight. We examined two samples in detail and found that the bleachable and non-bleachable components produced different dose response curves. Pulse annealing studies showed that the non-bleachable component is more stable than the bleachable component, suggesting that a preheat procedure cannot eliminate the non-bleachable component. Additional experiments revealed that the non-bleachable component is dose dependent. Owing to this dose dependency, we demonstrate mathematically and empirically that the simple subtraction of a residual dose from the measured equivalent dose (D_e) – which is the most common approach employed (if any residual dose is subtracted at all) – will result in underestimation of the actual D_e. We present a method to correct for the dose dependency of the residual dose, which can improve the accuracy of either MET-pIRIR or pIRIR age estimates for samples in which the non-bleachable component represents a significant fraction of the measured signals.     

大牛地气田二叠系下盒子组碎屑长石成岩改造及含量恢复

正鄂尔多斯盆地北部大牛地气田二叠系下盒子组发育广泛致密碎屑岩储层,现今测试结果显示储层中长石含量极低,普遍1%～5%。业界对这种现象的解释还没有定论,是原始组分中长石大量缺失还是后期成岩改造结果,两方各有论断。鉴于此,本文以大牛地气田致密砂岩为例,通过对岩石矿物组分及成岩作用的研究,明确碎屑长石颗粒含量极低的成因。这对于解释致密砂岩的储层成因机制有重要意义。     

碘酸钾标准物质的研制

本文介绍了碘酸钾标准物质的研制程序，其中包括溶液的配制、均匀性和稳定性检验、分析方法和数据统计处理方法等。并选择了具有高准确度的精密库仑法和自动电位滴定法分析定值，对制备浓度为０．０１ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ３碘酸钾标准物质，其定值的相对不确定度可达０．１％，稳定期在一年以上