叠前偏移技术在中原复杂断块区的应用

随着油气勘探开发的不断深入及相关学科的发展,复杂地质构造成像与地震岩性成像已成为急需解决的课题.针对中原复杂断块区地震资料的特点,对速度场的建立、叠前偏移中关键参数的选取以及偏移方法展开了深入细致的研究.通过叠前偏移技术在中原油田的应用,结果表明了该技术的有效性.     

论玄武岩底侵作用与长英质火成岩形成的关系--以华东南花岗质火山-侵入杂岩为例

地球层圈热结构特征表明,大陆地壳位于力学边界层（MBL）范围内,其热传递效应受地壳岩石热传导率制约。本文根据热传导理论,采用与前人相同的热物理参数,计算得出1200℃、500m厚玄武岩浆侵位于初始温度为500℃的地壳岩石中,由底侵作用引起地壳部分熔融产生的长英质岩浆（850℃）厚度≤250m,且产生长英质岩浆的时间限制在玄武岩侵位到地壳中后短暂的2700年内。江西南部龙南县临江地区中侏罗世余田群菖蒲组双峰式火山岩地质-地球化学特征及同位素年代学研究证实,该火山岩组合中的流纹质火山岩是拉班玄武质岩浆底侵作用的产物,符合上述数量比例和时间条件。我国东南部中生代陆壳（厚度≤50km）位于热传导起主导作用的MBL层内,由玄武岩浆底侵作用产生的长英质火成岩,在形成的时间及数量上应受地壳岩石热传导机制制约。但在我国东南部大面积出露的中生代火成岩中,花岗岩、流纹质火山岩类占90％以上,而玄武岩仅有局部零星分布,两者在数量上不匹配,在形成时间上也不一致,因而,我国东南部大面积出露的长英质火成岩可能并不是玄武岩浆底侵作用产物,其形成的热动力学背景和机制有待进一步研究。     

变质核杂岩研究进展

变质核杂岩是大陆流变伸展的重要表现形式。在近20年的国际大陆动力学研究中,变质核杂岩与伸展构造是一个方兴未艾的热点课题。在大量文献资料调研和作者科研实践的基础上,对变质核杂岩与伸展构造的研究现状进行了综述,分析了变质核杂岩的几何学、运动学、年代学特征、拆离断层特征、形成的大地构造背景与成矿关系等,对变质核杂岩基本特征及判别标志进行了归纳总结。同时,对变质核杂岩的热点争论问题,如变质核杂岩是否一定存在巨厚地壳柱被切失的问题、变质核杂岩形成过程中岩浆作用与伸展作用的主从关系问题、低角度拆离断层的成因等进行了讨论,并提出自己的认识。     

复信号分析技术在地质雷达预报岩溶裂隙水中的应用研究

对岩溶裂隙水进行及时准确的预报,是当前岩溶隧道设计和施工中亟待研究和解决的关键问题。复信号分析技术能够提取多个参数进行综合判断,基于此优点,尝试将复信号分析技术引入到地质雷达探查水体的研究中。对雷达数据中的水体异常分别从振幅、频率和相位等方面进行综合判断,克服了以往判断依据单一的缺点,为利用地质雷达进行岩溶裂隙水预报提供了一种切实可行的方法。首先,介绍了复信号分析技术的原理,阐述了在地质雷达信号处理中引入复信号分析技术的必要性;然后探讨了基于复信号分析技术的地质雷达预报岩溶裂隙水的可行性,得出了判断水体的依据。最后结合工程实例,对地质雷达数据进行了复信号处理,并对岩溶裂隙水进行了综合判断。与开挖结果对比显示,复信号分析技术的运用较大的提高了岩溶裂隙水预报的准确性和可信性。     

基于复contourlet域隐马尔科夫树模型的海面溢油合成孔径雷达图像相干斑抑制

海面溢油SAR图像中的相干斑噪声严重影响了后续的图像分割、特征提取和分类.为了更有效地抑制海面溢油SAR图像相干斑,文中提出了一种基于复contourlet域隐马尔科夫树模型的海面溢油SAR图像相干斑抑制方法.首先对观测图像取对数并进行复contourlet变换;然后在复contourlet域中用隐马尔科夫树模型对相邻尺度间的带通方向子带系数进行建模,并依据贝叶斯最小均方误差准则估计无噪系数;最后进行逆复contourlet变换和指数变换,得到相干斑抑制后的图像.大量实验结果表明,与Lee、Kuan、Frost及Gamma Map等4种经典滤波方法以及小波域和contourlet域隐马尔科夫树模型方法相比,文中方法从主观视觉和客观定量评价两方面来看综合性能更为优越,是一种行之有效的SAR遥感图像海面溢油检测的预处理方法.     

地震拖缆的复模态振动主动控制

地震拖缆系统的振动是影响海上油气勘探数据采集效率的主要因素,为提高勘探作业效率,研究了地震拖缆系统的主动振动控制问题。地震拖缆系统的重阻尼特性使得实模态控制技术难以实施。在地震拖缆系统有限元模型的基础上,基于模态观测器,在独立复模态空间,通过选择合适的权重矩阵,对地震拖缆的低阶模态设计了稳定的最优控制规律。通过对带有四个水鸟的拖缆系统的主动控制仿真,证明基于复模态的地震拖缆最优控制策略,在最大程度上利用水鸟自带电池能量的基础上,有效地抑制拖缆系统的振动,既能减少悬挂式水鸟更换频率,又能提高数据采集的质量,进而提高勘探作业效率。     

Conus pennaceus: a phylogenetic analysis of the Mozambican molluscan complex

The genus Conus has over 500 species and is the most species-rich taxon of marine invertebrates. Based on mitochondrial DNA, this study focuses on the phylogenetics of Conus, particularly the pennaceus complex collected along the Mozambican coast. Phylogenetic trees based on both the 16S and the 12S ribosomal genes grossly revealed the same groupings: one that clustered the individuals from the north (Pemba, Nacala and Island of Mozambique), another that grouped the individuals from the central/southern coast (Pomene/Massinga and Inhambane) and a third that assembled the specimens from the central/southern islands (Bazaruto and Inhaca). The 16SrRNA-based trees further distinguished the northern group into a Nacala group and a Pemba+Island of Mozambique group. In all trees, C. p. bazarutensis and C. lohri collected on the central/southern islands grouped separately from the C. p. bazarutensis and C. lohri collected on the central/southern coast, suggesting a genetic similarity between these species. Likewise, C. praelatus revealed greater proximity to C. pennaceus from Pemba. Although different topologies were produced by each gene (low bootstrap support in some nodes), we support the hypothesis of a southward ancestral colonisation pattern, indicated by the 16SrRNA trees. The common ancestor would have shifted from planktonic to non-planktonic larval development and this weak vagility would have promoted the divergence between north and south specimens. Our results suggest that the separation of these groups might have been a relatively recent event, and part of the current morphological variability could be the outcome of phenotypic plasticity and/or ecological adaptation.     

New perspectives in small-scale fisheries management: challenges and prospects for implementation in South Africa

Worldwide, the past 15–20 years has seen a significant shift in thinking and approaches to the management of small-scale fisheries. This is in response to the recognition that conventional fisheries management is not equipped to deal with the complexities, uncertainties and challenges prevalent in small-scale fishery systems. Consequently, a new fisheries paradigm is emerging based on the principles and ideas underpinning systems thinking, complexity theory, participatory democracy and adaptive management. Although fishery science is required to inform management decisions, it must be seen as one of the inputs needed for effective governance. Incorporation of other disciplinary perspectives, knowledge sources and local information is considered necessary for understanding the fishery system and identifying appropriate management responses. Although South Africa has incorporated many of these ideas and principles into broad policies and legislation governing resource management, implementation of this new paradigm in the context of small-scale fisheries is proving difficult. However, recent developments such as the recognition of the socio-economic rights of this group of fishers, the formulation of a new draft small-scale fisheries policy, efforts to identify and address human dimensions in fisheries through research and stakeholder workshops, as well as opportunities for greater participation in policy formulation and management, are all indicative of a shift in institutional culture and approach to this sector. This paper aims to provide an overview of the main ideas underpinning the new small-scale fisheries paradigm and explores the application of these ideas in the context of small-scale fisheries in South Africa. Challenges and prospects for implementing this new management paradigm are discussed, as well as some practical ideas for progressing this new approach.     

基于Petri网的地质灾害事件空间复杂结构模拟与分析系统

地球系统中各种空间对象在时空及功能上的直接或间接的依赖关系是研究各种复杂问题的出发点, 模拟和分析这些对象之间的直接和间接制约关系往往是认识复杂系统和进行空间决策的基础, 如在地震、洪水、火灾等突发性事件发生过程中各种应急设施和部门的相互影响和制约往往是复杂的、不协调的关系.由此产生的级联效应往往会造成意想不到的严重后果.如何提高对灾害效应的认识, 预警预报灾害的级联效应是提高灾害预防和应急反应能力的重要基础.在研究灾害事件中相关对象之间的空间复杂结构的基础上, 通过建立定量关系来表示对象之间的相互关系, 采用模糊Petri网技术模拟对象之间的级联效应.以四川汶川大地震后堰塞湖的空间复杂结构为例, 动态模拟堰塞湖的潜在级联效应, 推测出易受影响的堰塞湖, 从而为有效防治地震后的次生灾害提供一种理论与技术思路.该方法和技术同样可以用于其他地学复杂系统结构的模拟和分析.