开采沉陷三维损伤有限元分析

针对上覆岩体结构的复杂性,将节理、裂隙及正交各向异性岩体视为损伤岩体,建立了裂隙损伤岩体三维动态有限元分析模型,给出了较详细的三维仿真模拟有限元实施格式,完成了可考虑多种工程因素且能在WINDOWS下运行的三维模拟软件。分析模拟结果显示,对岩体结构复杂性的处理方式是可行的,所研制软件是有效的。     

我国钾长石矿产资源分布、开发利用、问题与对策

我国钾长石矿产资源丰富,分布广泛,其中安徽、内蒙古、新疆、四川、山西等省(区)的钾长石分布相对集中,储量丰富,成为当地的优势非金属矿产资源。随着科学技术的发展,钾长石广泛应用于工业生产。我国在利用钾长石生产玻璃、陶瓷、化肥等方面都取得了一些进展。但还存在钾长石市场不完善;生产企业缺乏竞争力;钾长石产品技术含量低等问题。应通过进一步深入研究制定解决市场、技术、产品等问题的相应对策,促进钾长石在相应领域的开发利用。     

Similarity search and pattern discovery in hydrological time series data mining

The rapid development of data mining provides a new method for water resource management, hydrology and hydroinformatics research. In the paper, based on data mining theory and technology, we analyse hydrological daily discharge time series of the Shaligunlanke Station in the Tarim River Basin in China from the year 1961 to 2000. Firstly, according to the four monthly statistics, namely mean monthly discharge, monthly maximum discharge, monthly amplitude and monthly standard deviation, K‐mean clustering was used to segment the annual process of the daily discharge. The clustering result showed that the annual process of the daily discharge can be divided into five segments: snowmelt period I (April), snowmelt period II (May), rainfall period I (June–August), rainfall period II (September) and dry period (October–December and January–March). Secondly, dynamic time warping (DTW), which is a different distance metric method from the traditional Euclidian distance metric, was used to look for similarities in the discharge process. On the basis of the similarity matrix, the similar discharge processes can be mined in each period. Thirdly, agglomerative hierarchical clustering was used to cluster and discover the discharge patterns in terms of the autoregressive model. It was found that the discharge had a close relationship with the temperature and the precipitation, and the discharge processes were more similar under the same climatic condition. Our study shows that data mining is a feasible and efficient approach to discover the hidden information in the historical hydrological data and mining the implicative laws under the hydrological process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Confounded by forgotten legacies: Effectively managing watersheds in the contemporary age of unknown unknowns

Contemporary watershed management practices can reflect oversimplifications of relationships between anthropogenic pressures and resource degradation. Remediation and restoration efforts often focus on recent land use practices as the primary driver of hydrologic regime changes. We present a case study that serves as an example to the scientific and watershed management communities of the lasting influences of historic land use practices and natural physical processes on a stream in the central United States listed as impaired by the federal government. Abnormal spatiotemporal streamflow relationships, determined by means of an experimental watershed study, alerted the authors to possible sink/source behavior in the upper‐watershed. Subsequent research uncovered archival evidence of coal mining, which may provide at least partial explanation. Additional investigation identified hydrologic processes associated with natural landscape evolution, noted by early‐20th‐century researchers, which are considered in the context of the current water quality and flow regime. Despite best‐intended management practices, regulatory agencies, scientists, and local decision makers have not accounted for such practices and processes, instead relying on recent development as the proximate cause of designated impairment. We present argumentation that historic land use (coal mining) and landscape processes comprise cumulative yet unconsidered legacy effects that contribute systemically to the observed hydrologic regime of the watershed. Results hold important implications for contemporary watershed management, and support rethinking the case‐by‐case appropriateness of federal and state water impairment listings, and the achievability of restoration efforts in many developing watersheds.     

位错模型的矿区地表沉降监测

为获取连续的矿区地表沉降变形场,揭示沉陷规律,及时预计沉降范围与大小,保障生产,该文提出了以精密水准测量数据为约束的加权位错监测及预计模型。视开采工作面为简化位错几何模型,顾及工作面近远场观测数据的不同,根据计算模型值与水准测量实测值的残差确定不同的权比,利用最小二乘线性算法反演垂直方向上的张裂参数。由张裂参数正演获取连续的地表形变场。并以多期观测反演所得的一维张裂参数的变化序列拟合预计模型,预测地表未来形变场。研究表明,提出的加权位错预计模型能更好地监测并预计矿区开采后的地表沉降变化,为采矿安全生产提供了依据。     

利用DS-InSAR技术监测沛北矿区地表形变

针对采空区地表散射特性不稳定、高相干点目标少且分布不均匀的特点,本文基于相干矩阵特征值分解（T-EVD）的DS-InSAR技术,利用Sentinel-1A数据获取并分析了徐州沛北矿区2017年1月-2018年12月的地表沉降特征。与常规时序InSAR监测对比表明,融合分布式目标的DS-InSAR技术监测点数量显著增加且空间分布更加均匀,能够更好地反映矿区地表沉降的时空分布特征,为煤炭枯竭型矿区地表沉降规律分析和机理研究提供了先进的技术支撑,在采空区地表沉降监测方面具有良好的应用前景。     

KNN数据挖掘算法在北京地区霾等级预报中的应用

利用北京地区2013年气象数据以及PM2.5浓度数据与能见度数据进行对比分析,结果发现气温、气压、相对湿度、露点温度、地面U风、地面V风以及PM2.5小时浓度这7个要素是影响北京地区霾等级的关键因素。利用气温、地面气压、相对湿度、露点温度、U风、V风分量以及PM2.5浓度作为7个属性特征,以霾等级做为标志量构建训练样本集,结合KNN（K Nearest Neighbor）数据挖掘算法构建霾等级预报分类器,并开展霾等级客观识别实验。结果表明K=3时该分类器的分类预报效果最佳,其13个站点的分类准确率高达88.2%。基于该算法构建的KNN模型预报无霾时的漏报概率很小,准确率高达91.8%;预报有轻度霾、中度霾以及重度霾时,空报的概率仅分别为4.7%、1.4%和2.6%。2014年8月29日至9月2日北京地区一次霾天气过程的预报结果表明：南郊观象台、密云和延庆3站的预报准确率分别达到74%、64%和84%,但霾等级的精度方面还有待于进一步提高。     

淮北海孜煤矿采煤塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件分析

为了增加塌陷区耕地资源,有效地提高土地利用率,减少环境污染,本文通过对海孜煤矿塌陷区进行实地勘查,室内测试和实验,分析塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件。分析结果表明:塌陷区的地形地貌条件有利于土地复垦工程的实施,较高的地下水位可以为重构土壤提供充足的水分;塌陷区塌陷深度小,且绝大部分塌陷区已达到稳沉状态,有益于煤矸石充填复垦;大量的煤矸石为充填复垦提供了充足的物质基础,煤矸石中有害元素含量低,复垦后不会对地下水和土壤造成显著的污染,且煤矸石的块度组分有利于水分的保持和上移。     

径向水力喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆孔中的应用

采用石油行业径向水平喷射钻井技术在煤矿注浆堵水方面可实现水平定向射流成孔,在薄层灰岩、奥陶系灰岩承压含水层中寻找沟通裂隙,尤其在直井或分支井段较小漏水的情况下可进行多分支喷射,还可以加适量盐酸、酸化缓蚀剂进行局部酸化沟通裂隙,压裂地层,从而降低注浆压力,提高注浆堵水效果。径向水力喷射钻井在峰峰集团梧桐庄矿9号注浆孔应用取得了一定的成效。该技术也可作为地热井增大水量的一种手段。     

山西腰站矿区ZK6004孔烧钻事故的处理

山西腰站矿区施工的ZK6004钻孔,设计孔深1450 m,地层复杂,而且全孔漏失,极易发生烧钻事故。就该孔连续发生的2次烧钻事故,进行了事故原因分析、处理方法的经验介绍。2次烧钻事故的处理过程中,根据实际不同情况,分别采用了掏眼法和冲砸法。这是深孔烧钻事故处理新方法、新尝试。同时总结了漏失深孔烧钻事故的预冲孔经验及预防措施。对于今后在复杂漏失地层深斜钻孔的施工有一定的借鉴价值。