High-resolution structures of the Landers fault zone inferred from aftershock waveform data

High-frequency body waves recorded by a temporary seismic array across the surface rupture trace of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake were used to determine fault-zone structures down to the seismogenic depth. We first developed a technique to use generalized ray theory to compute synthetic seismograms for arbitrarily oriented tabular low-velocity fault-zone models. We then generated synthetic waveform record sections of a linear array across a vertical fault zone. They show that both arrival times and waveforms of P and S waves vary systematically across the fault due to transmissions and reflections from boundaries of the low-velocity fault zone. The waveform characteristics and arrival-time patterns in the record sections allow us to locate the boundaries of the fault zone and to determine its P - and S -wave velocities independently as well as its depth extent. Therefore, the trade-off between the fault-zone width and velocities can be avoided. Applying the method to the Landers waveform data reveals a low-velocity zone with a width of 270–360 m and a 35–60 per cent reduction in P and S velocities relative to the host rock. The analysis suggests that the low-velocity zone extends to a depth of ∼7 km. The western boundary of the low-velocity zone coincides with the observed main surface rupture trace.     

蒲江—新津—成都—德阳断裂带——成都平原内一条代表性弱活动地震带的地震地质特征

活断层是地震的潜在策源地。然而不同的活断层上地震潜在能力有极大的差别。客观地评价活断层上地震潜在能力不仅是地震预报研究的需要,对国民经济建设的布局和抗震决策也极为重要。在这个意义上,对弱活动性断裂的研究与对强活动性断裂的研究具有同样的重要性。本文以弱活动的蒲江—新津—成都—德阳断裂带为例,讨论了该断裂的晚第四纪活动性,断裂带的地质结构以及断裂的切割深度等因素对该断裂带地震潜在能力的可能影响。     

1994年9月16日台湾浅滩7.3级地震发震构造的讨论

从台湾海峡与台湾浅滩的地貌特征、区域构造格局、海峡盆地形成历史、深部构造与断裂构造、震源机制解以及地震活动等方面论述了台湾浅滩７．３级地震的发震构造,认为北东东向澎湖—北港隆起南侧断裂（义竹断裂）是该地震的发震构造。     

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A Preliminary Analysis of Relations Between Tectonic Deformation of Sedimentary Cover and Basement in Kuqa Depression

Study of seismic activity in the Kuqa area enables us to infer some possible active faults in basement from the epicentral distribution on different profiles. The relations between active faults in the basement and surface structures are analyzed and the difference between sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics and the genesis are discussed. The following conclusions have been drawn : ( 1 ) the epicentral distribution indicates that, the east Qiulitag and south and north Qiulitag deep faults in the basement correspond to the east and west Qiulitag anticlines, respectively. Moreover, deep faults also exist beneath the Yiqiklik and Yaken anticlines. It indicates that the formation of surface structures is controlled by deep structures; (2) A NE-trending strike-slip fault develops along the line from the western termination of Yiqiklik structure to Dongqiu Well 5 and a NW-trending active fault on the western side of Baicbeng. The two active faults across the tectonic strike are the main causes for tectonic segmentation of the Kuqa depression and possibly the cause for the middle segment (Kuqa-Baicheng) of the depression to be more shortened than both its eastern and western terminations; (3) The difference between the sedimentary cover and basement in their deformation characteristics depends mainly on the different properties of media between them.The lithospheric strength of the basement in the basin is fairly high, which determines the basement deformation to be mainly of brittle fracture seismic activity. While the strength of sedimentary cover is low, where there exist weak thin layers, such as coal and gyps. Under the effect of strong tectonic compression, the sedimentary rocks may undergo strong viscous or plastic flow deformation; meanwhile, an aseismic detachment may take place along the weak layers.     

大宁–吉县区块深层煤层气生产特征与开发技术对策

松辽盆地南部王府断陷煤层气资源量丰富,但深部煤层气勘探程度较低,在煤层气地质特征、富集成藏主控因素及有利目标优选等方面缺乏系统研究,制约了该区煤层气勘探进程。为此,在系统分析煤系地质特征的基础上,明确深部煤层气成藏主控因素,建立有利区优选指标体系,预测煤层气富集有利区。结果表明：(1) 王府断陷火石岭组宏观煤岩类型以光亮煤、半亮煤为主,具有低水分、低挥发分、低灰分的特征,镜质体最大反射率大于1.8%,孔隙率平均5.01%,CS38井计算的平均含气量为21.80 m³/t。(2) 王府断陷火石岭组火山喷发填平补齐沉积环境利于煤层发育,煤层主要发育于断陷双陡坡带之间与断陷中、东部的火山喷发的填平补齐效应形成的浅水区,形成了“填平补齐成煤模式”。此外,区内发育的大面积巨厚泥岩顶板与封闭断层使得煤层气得以富集保存。(3)王府断陷Ⅰ类有利区主要发育在断陷中部,煤层厚度大于5 m,断层断距<50 m,盖层厚度>80 m,气测全烃值>15%,具有较大勘探开发潜力;Ⅱ、Ⅲ类有利区主要发育在断陷的北部和南部,煤层厚度一般<5 m,盖层厚度<80 m,气测全烃值<15%,断层封闭性弱或不封闭,盖层厚度差异大,勘探开发风险较大。