基于聚落考古信息的中国北方农牧交错带东段历史耕地覆盖格网化重建*

中国北方农牧交错带是半农半牧、时农时牧的地带,此类区域因其独特自然环境和社会经济发展过程,准确地重建耕地覆盖难度较大。采用能够指示农业活动时空位置的考古遗址信息重建历史耕地覆盖,是提高此类区域耕地覆盖重建结果可靠性的有效途径之一。本研究选择位于中国北方农牧交错带带宽最大的东段作为研究区,使用聚落考古信息与历史文献重建了辽、金、元、明4个时期5'×5'的耕地覆盖变化。结论如下: (1)从辽代至明代,研究区耕地面积总量减少了98.0%,元明时期的耕地显著少于辽金时期,表明该区发生了从半农半牧到牧业的根本转变。(2)辽代耕地分布范围最大,金代耕地分布范围有所缩小,辽金时期均呈现“插花式”的分布格局,元代耕地分布范围急剧缩减,至明代仅有零星耕地分布。(3)研究区耕地覆盖变化受气候变化和人文因素的双重影响。辽金时期,气候相对温暖湿润,统治者重视农业发展; 元明时期,气候寒冷干燥,民族习惯以牧为主。基于聚落考古信息重建的历史时期耕地覆盖,不仅再现了该区域“插花式”的耕地分布格局,还刻画了该区由农转牧的土地利用变化过程。     

人居环境治理视域下地质文化村建设路径研究

地质文化村是脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴背景下衍生出的乡村地质遗迹保护和开发利用相结合的新概念,目前正在全国多地推广设立,现有研究主要集中在内涵分析和规划设计方面,其具体建设过程中缺乏科学的路径参考。本研究从乡村人居环境治理的视角出发,首先,在讨论的基础上将地质文化村归类于人居环境“景区化治理”的一种形式;其次,基于扎根理论的研究方法将筛选的39篇“人居环境治理”主题文献作为研究资料,利用NVivo11对文献内容进行编码,构建了“人居环境治理”主题分析框架;最后,在归纳和借鉴人居环境领域研究成果的基础上,从“响应国家战略”、“建设思路”、“保障措施”“建设手段”四个方面提出了地质文化村的建设路径。     

共和-玉树高速公路多格茸段冻胀丘与公路路基的相互影响

冻胀丘是土层中水分向冻结锋面大量迁移集聚,并且冻结膨胀使地面隆起呈丘状的一类冰缘地貌。冻胀丘的本质特征是存在纯冰核或高含冰地层,冻胀丘地表的隆起高度即代表了地下冰层的累计厚度,在工程建设中一般采用避让措施。在我国冻土区公路建设中,过去尚未遇到道路穿越冻胀丘的先例,正在建设中的青海省共和-玉树高速公路（简称共玉高速）在玛多县多格茸盆地横跨几个冻胀丘,对公路建成以后安全运营造成潜在威胁。以共玉高速建设里程K430+070处道路所跨的冻胀丘为例,基于地温监测数据和冻胀丘钻探资料,探讨公路建设对冻胀丘下覆冰层的影响及由此带来的路基稳定性问题。监测发现目前路基下多年冻土上限已经下降至冻胀丘高含冰地层位置,由于沥青路面的强吸热性,未来冻胀丘路段将发生持续沉降。如果多年冻土完全融化,该段路基有可能发展成热融湖塘。     

干热岩热储建造的二氧化碳爆破致裂器优化设计

储层建造是商业化开采干热岩高温地热能的关键技术,二氧化碳爆破致裂技术为此提供了新思路。本文简述了二氧化碳爆破致裂技术,以及爆破过程中二氧化碳充装量、活化器用量、定压片厚度之间的关系。重点完善了用于干热岩储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器相关工作,设计了致裂器内部具体参数,优化了外部结构和系统,最终研发了一种可用于干热岩热储层建造的二氧化碳致裂器,为干热岩储层建造提供有效的技术手段,填补了耐高温高压的井下二氧化碳致裂器领域的空白。     

地下连续墙用方形锤头的设计及应用

方形锤头是地下连续墙成槽施工的重要钻具,本文简要介绍了一种新型地下连续墙方形锤头的结构设计、施工工法及应用情况。新型方形锤头整体框架采用焊接而成,结构合理,尺寸可根据用户需要优化调整,且具有导向性好、单位面积冲击功高、过水面积大和方便打捞等优点。锤头研制成功后,配合冲击反循环钻机,采用气举反循环工艺,先后在厦门、深圳等多个城市地铁工地施工,施工效率明显,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。新型方形锤头的研制成功,为地下连续墙成槽施工提供了一种更优的钻具选择。     

平顶山北地热示范区PBR01井钻探技术研究与分析

为打赢大气污染防治攻坚战和燃煤替代任务,平顶山市市委市政府委托河南省有色金属地质矿产局组织开展平顶山地区地热勘查开发工作。根据对区域地质情况和地层特点,河南省有色金属地质矿产局自行设计并组织施工了平顶山北地热示范区PBR01井。文章从钻探设备选型、施工工艺选择、钻井液配置等方面介绍了项目设计和施工的全过程;通过钻井的施工,解决了本地区大口径深孔钻进难题,为本地区后续开发应用起到了良好的示范作用;通过对钻时曲线的分析,掌握了本地区不同地层钻进效率情况,提出了提高大直径硬岩钻进效率的方案。     

Temporal partitioning of microhabitat use among four juvenile fish species of the genus Diplodus (Pisces: Perciformes,Sparidae)

Timing, microhabitat selection and behavior from the onset of settlement to recruitment to the adult population of juvenile fishes of the genus Diplodus (Pisces: Sparidae) were investigated along a rocky coastline in the Central Mediterranean Sea. The settlement periods in Diplodus sargus and Diplodus annularis were concentrated in spring, between late May and early June, and the recruits leave the nursery grounds in late September–October. Juvenile fishes of Diplodus puntazzo and Diplodus vulgaris showed a partial time overlapping, sharing the same zones in winter and early spring, from February to May. Multiple correspondence analysis showed that sea breams settle in well‐defined habitats. The smallest juveniles of D. sargus and D. puntazzo settled primarily in the shallowest sheltered pebbly areas, located in sciaphilous crannies covered by red algae. Diplodus vulgaris settlers were observed on a wider range of substrata: rock on sand, gravel and pebbles without algal cover or large boulders, generally in deeper waters. The intermediate‐size juveniles of D. sargus, D. puntazzo and D. vulgaris showed a preference for rocky substrata with substantial algal cover, with arborescent structures (Phaeophyceae). Diplodus annularis juveniles showed high fidelity to seagrass beds (Posidonia oceanica). The home range increased over time in all species, highlighting a loss of substrate specificity: larger juveniles were even observed in deeper and different microhabitats outside nursery grounds. This study suggests that shallow infra‐littoral rocky communities with photophilic algae play a key role in recruitment of sparid fishes, affecting the distribution and abundance of juvenile fishes and therefore determining the renewal of populations and the structure of adult assemblages.     

A creep model for compacted loess based on 1D oedometer testEI北大核心CSCD

A series of long-term 1D oedometer test on compacted loess has been conducted using a high pressure consolidometer. It is found that the compacted loess has remarkable creep deformation and the proportion of the creep deformation in total deformation can come up to 6%-23%. The creep deformation proportion goes higher as the water content of the sample increases and the compaction degree reduces. And the creep deformation proportion decreases with the increase of stress level. A nonlinear creep model, which can well describe the rules of post-construction settlement of compacted loess, is proposed. The validity of model is verified by comparing the results from proposed model with those from the layer-wise summation method. The proposed model is employed to examine the variation law of the post-construction settlement under the conditions of the different water contents and compaction degrees. It is found that there exist logarithmic relationships between the post-construction settlement and the compaction degree/water contents. Supposing the velocity of the post-construction settlement v<0.1 mm/d is the stabilized standard, the high embankment settlement trends to be stable in 200 to 650 days after construction. The higher the compaction degree is, the lower the water content is, the longer the time up to stable required is.     

Spatio-temporal patterns of coral recruitment at Vamizi Island,Quirimbas Archipelago,Mozambique

Spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment of reef corals were assessed for the first time in Mozambique by deploying settlement plates at various spatio-temporal scales between October 2012 and October 2013. The abundance of juvenile corals (5?50?mm in diameter) was assessed along transects. Settlement of acroporids was highly seasonal, with 97% of spat settling between July and October 2013. Pocilloporids settled throughout the year, peaking slightly between October 2012 and January 2013. The annual mean larval settlement of up to 1 135 spat m^?2 was comparable to that on other East African reefs, but was dominated by acroporids, which constituted over 80% of all spat, whereas pocilloporids settle in higher densities in Kenya and South Africa. The peak settlement season also differed from other African locations. A greater proportion of variance in settlement rates occurred at the spatial scale of kilometres (between sites) and centimetres (between settlement plates) than at the scale of metres (between subsites), implying that most patchiness occurs at those scales. The peak in acroporid settlement coincided with the period of multispecific spawning, with settlement occurring as early as nine days after a spawning event. As no similar spawning events have been reported for other reefs in the area, our results suggest that these spawning events strongly influence overall annual settlement rates and promote high levels of self-seeding at Vamizi. There was no relationship between settlement of larvae to settlement plates and juvenile density on adjacent reefs, suggesting either variable levels of early post-settlement mortality or high interannual variability in settlement.     

城乡土地利用中的传统文化保护

传统文化是物质生活和精神生活的历史积淀,是一个民族共有精神家园,而土地则是传统文化的重要物质载体。随着经济社会的快速发展,一些优秀的传统文化也伴随着城乡土地利用变化而随之消失。在建设社会主义文化强国的背景下,城乡土地利用应结合现代农业发展,注重农耕文化的传承;结合新农村建设,强化对传统村落的保护;结合城市更新,加强对传统街区、历史建筑的保护。