确定先期固结压力的数学模型法

地基土的先期固结压力是判断土体应力历史的一个指标。在不同应力历史状况的土体变形分析中它也是一个重要的计算参数。因此,方便、准确地确定先期固结压力就显得尤为重要。依据理论研究和试验分析,提出了一种新的确定方法：数学模型法。润扬大桥土样试验的结果证明了此法的可行性。     

Effect of Shale Reservoir Characteristics on Shale Oil Movability in the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation,Zhanhua Sag

To reveal the effect of shale reservoir characteristics on the movability of shale oil and its action mechanism in the lower third member of the Shahejie Formation(Es3l), samples with different features were selected and analyzed using N2 adsorption, high-pressure mercury injection capillary pressure(MICP), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), high-speed centrifugation, and displacement image techniques. The results show that shale pore structure characteristics control shale oil movability directly. Movable oil saturation has a positive relationship with pore volume for radius > 2 μm, as larger pores often have higher movable oil saturation, indicating that movable oil is present in relatively larger pores. The main reasons for this are as follows. The relatively smaller pores often have oil-wetting properties because of organic matter, which has an unfavorable effect on the flow of oil, while the relatively larger pores are often wetted by water, which is helpful to shale oil movability. The rich surface provided by the relatively smaller pores is beneficial to the adsorption of immovable oil. Meanwhile, the relatively larger pores create significant pore volume for movable oil. Moreover, the larger pores often have good pore connectivity. Pores and fractures are interconnected to form a complex fracture network, which provides a good permeability channel for shale oil flow. The smaller pores are mostly distributed separately;thus, they are not conducive to the flow of shale oil. The mineral composition and fabric macroscopically affect the movability of shale oil. Calcite plays an active role in shale oil movability by increasing the brittleness of shale and is more likely to form micro-cracks under the same stress background. Clay does not utilize shale oil flow because of its large specific surface area and its block effect. The bedding structure increases the large-scale storage space and improves the connectivity of pores at different scales, which is conducive to the movability of shale oil.     

大庆宋芳屯油田肇35区块葡萄花油层非均质性研究

从储层宏观与微观非均质性入手,分别研究了肇35区块葡萄花油层的层内、层间、平面和微观非均质性特征及主控因素,研究区层内非均质性主要受到沉积构造、渗透率韵律以及夹层分布等的影响;从物性和隔层分布特征方面分析了层间非均质性特征,自下而上葡萄花油层非均质性呈现弱→强→弱的变化趋势;平面非均质性特征受砂体及沉积微相展布影响较大,沿河道延伸方向非均质性较好。研究区主要发育正常粒间孔、缩小粒间孔和粒内溶蚀孔,整体上储层微观孔隙结构发育良好。从不同方面分析了研究区非均质性对剩余油分布的影响,沉积微相类型和成岩作用是控制储层非均质性的主因素。最终对葡萄花油层主力小层进行储层评价,预测了有利储层的发育面积和分布范围,为下一步的勘探开发提供一定的依据。     

Radiation pressure — a stabilizing agent of dust clouds in comets?

The internal dynamics of an illuminated dust cloud of finite optical thickness is investigated. The dependence of the radiation pressure on the optical depth makes the individual particles oscillate, in one dimension, around the accelerated centre of gravity of the cloud. The cloud moves as an entity, irrespectively of the velocity dispersion of the particles and their efficiency for radiation pressure. If the optical depth does not change, i.e. if the cloud does not expand laterally, its lifetime is unlimited. A contraction caused by energy dissipation in mechanical collissions between the dust particles is expected. The range of particle sizes which can be transported by such a “coherent cloud” is estimated, as well as the acceleration of the whole cloud. The structure of the cloud in real space and in velocity space is investigated. A comparison with the “striae” observed in the dust tails of great comets shows that the parent clouds of these striae may have been of the kind considered.     

中国煤层气资源控制程度及可靠性分析

准确认识深部条件下气体和水分的赋存状态、相对含量及分布特征,对煤层气高效勘探开发具有重要指导意义。基于理论模型、分子模拟和气水演变分析,明确了煤层中气、水的赋存状态,揭示了气、水动态运聚界限和动态演化过程。考虑煤−水界面作用、水的可动性及赋存状态,煤中水可分为可动水(重力水和毛细水)、束缚水(吸附水、沸石水、结晶水和层间水)、结构水,其中毛细水、重力水和吸附水由孔隙主导,沸石水、结构水、结晶水和层间水由矿物主导。分子模拟结果显示,水分子在0.7 nm孔隙中可以饱和充填,吸附和解吸路径一致,在更大孔隙中出现弱吸附层和自由态。水分子吸附过程表现为单分子含氧基团吸附、单层强吸附、多层弱吸附、水团簇形成和充填孔隙等阶段。甲烷分子在1.5 nm孔隙可存在3层稳定充填吸附,在较大孔隙中(>1.5 nm)即以单层吸附和游离态共存,游离态在介孔及更大孔隙中普遍存在。结合上述吸附−游离气存在界限,改进了游离气和吸附气理论计算公式,为含气量计算提供新思路。深部热成因煤层气是煤大规模生排烃之后的残余气,在排烃过程中发生气驱水和水分蒸发扩散,残余水分为束缚水和结构水,后期无法改变。假定静水压力20 MPa,在0、5、10、15和20 MPa储层压力下,外来水分可入侵最大孔径为7、9、13、27 nm和不侵入。受差异保存条件控制,煤成气除了形成超压和欠压等差异含气系统外,还可能在煤系形成多类型含气模式。上述研究明确了煤层气、水微观赋存机制及形成演化模式,对深部煤层气富集特征及高效开发设计具有指导意义。

     

Crack nucleation in saturated porous media

Crack nucleation has been the subject of important contributions in the last two last decades. However, it seems that few attention has been granted to the case of saturated porous media. This is the question addressed in the present paper which is devoted to nucleation in traction mode. From a physical point of view, nucleation is a sudden phenomenon, so that the material response is both adiabatic and undrained. In the spirit of the variational approach, the nucleated crack is viewed as the final state of a region of space in which the material undergoes a full damage process. In traction mode, the opening of a saturated crack in undrained condition induces a drop of fluid pressure. In case of low fluid compressibility, the presence of the fluid delays the brittle failure usually associated with nucleation, as long as the fluid pressure remains above the saturation vapor pressure. Nucleation is therefore possible only if a partial vaporization of the fluid takes place.     

Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

The dehydration melting of the natural rock at high pressure is important to investigating the magma formation in the earth’s interior. Since the 1970s, a lot of geological scientists have paid more atten- tion to the dehydration melting of the natural rock[1―5]. Previous experiments of dehydration melting and observations of fieldwork argued that the dehy- dration melting of the rock was probably the most important fashion for the melting of the lower crust rock[6―12]. The genesis of most …     

我国断层气测量在地震科学研究中的应用现状

氢气被认为是反应断裂活动最灵敏的地球化学组分之一。研究影响断裂带氢浓度动态变化的主要因素,是科学分析断裂带氢与构造活动关系的基础工作。本文基于河南内乡马山口断层气氢气浓度与辅助测项的连续观测资料,重点分析了氢浓度变化与地温、气温、气压的相关关系,确定了主要影响因素。结果表明,氢气浓度日变化极值介于气温和地温之间,极值点靠近地温一侧。使用逐步回归方法分析进一步证明,地温、温度对氢气浓度均有影响,但地温影响更显著,气压影响不显著。总体来讲,氢浓度会受到地温和气温的双重影响,但与地温关系更为密切。     

河口海岸三维水流数值模型中几种垂向坐标模式研究述评

回顾了近年来国内外河口、近岸海域三维斜压水流数值模式研究的进展,着重讨论了不同垂向坐标下三维水流模式的发展状况以及存在的问题。地形拟合坐标(σ坐标)模式可以很好地拟合床面地形和自由面,已在物理海洋学中被广泛使用。但在地形变化剧烈,尤其在密度层结效应明显的海域,σ坐标模式中的水平压强梯度力误差会引起伪密度流。寻求高精度的数值模式以及更加有效的拟合坐标变换将是值得努力的方向。     

A semi-analytical solution for random wave-induced soil response and seabed liquefaction in marine sediments

In this study, unlike most previous investigations for wave-induced soil response, a simple semi-analytical model for the random wave-induced soil response is established for an unsaturated seabed of finite thickness. Two different wave spectra, the B-M and JONSWAP spectra, are considered in the new model. The influence of random wave loading on the soil response is investigated by comparing with the corresponding representative regular wave results through a parametric study, which includes the effect of the degree of saturation, soil permeability, wave height, wave period and seabed thickness. The maximum liquefaction depth under the random waves is also examined. The difference on the soil response under the two random wave types, B-M and JONSWAP frequency spectra, is also discussed in the present work.