中亚陆间区南带上古生界构造和油气远景（代序）

安加拉-阿尔丹和华北-塔里木两大克拉通之间地壳相对活动性的地区,地质界多称为中亚陆间区,其南带大部分在中国境内。近年来,中国开始把其上古生界作为油气新区、新领域。多数人认为,其在晚古生代已形成过渡型地壳区,其中有许多地块已逐步拼合,在其上发育裂谷型沉积地质体,未受到区域变质,若干实体变形微弱并被上覆层掩盖而得到保存。源于上古生界的油气既可赋存在其内,也可运聚于中生界或基岩内,在其西段已发现了大中型油气田群。但其整体地质研究程度偏低,仍有许多重大区域地质、油气地质问题存在歧见。针对其近年来的进展、存在的问题和油气远景评价作了概括性的评论。     

等双轴拉应变对无纺土工织物孔径变化的影响

无纺土工织物作为一种反滤材料,在工程中常受土体作用产生平面双轴拉应变,导致织物孔径变化。基于无纺织物空间网络孔径模型,改进Rawal公式中织物孔径结构总层数的算法,并提出等双轴拉伸下织物孔径分布曲线的解析解。利用自主研发的双轴拉伸仪,将两种针刺无纺织物等双轴拉伸至应变为3%、5%、10%,采用应变控制下的干筛法,进行织物孔径分布曲线测试。将解析解与试验结果进行对比分析,解析解孔径值偏大,所得解析曲线与测试曲线对于较薄织物吻合更好。研究结果表明,随着双轴拉应变的增加,无纺织物孔径增大,其特征孔径O95、O50、O30都近似与拉伸应变呈线性变化关系。     

疏浚淤泥流动固化土的压汞试验研究

采用压汞法对疏浚淤泥流动固化土进行了微观孔隙结构的研究,分析了固化土的孔隙体积及入口孔径分布特征与固化材料掺量及固化土龄期的关系,并将微观试验结果与固化土的物理指标和强度特性进行了比较。结果表明,采用压汞法研究疏浚淤泥流动固化土的微观孔隙空间分布是成功的,压汞试验得到的微观孔隙特征与众多学者通过宏观力学试验得出的强度规律是一致的,微观结构试验能够很好地解释宏观物理力学性状。随着固化材料掺量的增加和龄期的增长,淤泥固化土的孔隙体积和D50孔径明显减小,入口孔径分布特征亦发生了相应变化。所得流动固化土的入口孔径主要分布在0.01～10 ?m之间,最大分布孔径在0.5～2 ?m之间。     

Low-mature gases and their resource potentiality

In the 80’s of last century, based on the advances in natural gas exploration practice, the concepts of bio-thermocatalytic transitional-zone gas and early thermogenetic gas were proposed, and the lower limit Ro values for the formation and accumulation of thermogenetic natural gases of industrial importance have been extended to 0.3%–0.4%. In accordance with the two-stage model established on the basis of carbon isotope fractionation involved in the formation of coal-type natural gases, the upper limit Ro ...     

东濮凹陷杜-桥-白地区天然气及凝析油地球化学牲及成因

东濮凹陷杜寨-桥口-白庙地区油气资源丰富,油气水关系复杂,勘探难度大。分析结果表明,天然气甲烷含量一般在80%～90%之间,甲烷δ13C1在-36.1‰～-39.9‰之间;距兰聊断层较远的井,40Ar/36Ar比值一般小于590,3He/4He比值为n×10-8,呈现典型的油型气特征;在兰聊断层附近的井,40Ar/36Ar比值一般大于1000,3He/4He比值为n×10-6,均表现为较高的值,并且40Ar/36Ar与3He/4H呈正相关关系,表明有幔源惰性气体的混入,这些井的甲烷碳同位素比油型气偏重5.0‰～8.0‰,比煤型气偏轻4.0‰～7.0‰。因此,兰聊断层附近的井,天然气以煤型与油型混合成因为主,部分井天然气可能为纯煤型气。凝析油特征表现为湖相地层生成的成熟度较高的油,根据地球化学特征可明显分为两组:一组以桥口东翼桥20、桥23与白庙地区的白16等井为代表,它们具有较低的伽马蜡烷指数,可能与葛岗集洼陷烃源岩有关;另一组是白庙主体,它们具有较高的伽马蜡烷指数和奥利烷指数,与前梨园洼陷烃源岩有关。研究认为,杜-桥-白地区天然气与凝析油为源岩热演化后期高温裂解的产物,形成的天然气藏具有多源、多阶、复合成藏的特征。     

Origin and Distribution Factors of Sour Gases in Natural Gas Reservoirs in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block,Turkmenistan

Through the analysis of original carbon isotopes in the blocks on the right bank of the Amu Darya River, Turkmenistan, it can be firstly concluded that the carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the sour gas reservoirs belongs to the inorganic-origin gas. The origin of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block is thermochemical sulfate reduction from the detailed analysis of hydrocarbon source rocks data, reservoir characteristics, vitrinite reflectance of organic matter, and sour gas content. Then, the factors affecting the distribution of sour gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block were investigated by the analysis of conventional sour gas distribution factors including geological structure, fracture and fault, caprock integrity, sedimentary facies, reservoir types, lithofacies, the source of sulfur and so on. The following basic findings were achieved: ① The basement rift in the study area is conductive to the distribution of CO₂. The caprock integrity contributes to the concentration of CO₂. The gas reservoirs in the biological dike reefs, patch reefs and overthrust zones usually have medium CO₂ content. ② The geological structure and fracture caused the complexity of the distribution of H₂S. The gypsum-salt rock in upper Jurassic-Tithonian is an important sulphur source, and the main hydrocarbon source rocks are also the major sulfur source of H₂S gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the giant gypsum layers in the middle-upper Jurassic Callovian-Oxfordian and the upper Jurassic-Tithonian are conductive to preservation of H₂S, and the small openings and holes in the reservoir is also correlative to the distribution of H₂S. ③ The H₂S in the study area is mostly distributed in the formations with the geothermal temperature of higher than 100 ℃. The open platform deep-water sedimentary facies are harmful to the formation of H₂S. The patch reef and overthrust zones belong to the belts of low H₂S content, however, the biological dike reef zones belong to the belts of medium-high H₂S content. However, the origin and distribution factors of sour gases in natural gas reservoirs were obtained. At the same time, it was pointed out that more necessary and accurately quantitative research is still needed to determine the origin and distribution of acid gases in the Amu Darya Right Bank Block, Turkmenistan.     

延川南区块深层煤层气井产能主控因素

深层煤层气井产能高低及影响因素认识不清,制约了其商业化开发进程。对延川南万宝山构造带煤层气生产特征及产能情况进行了总结,从煤层气资源条件、煤层气解吸难易程度和渗流条件3个方面对产能影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,渗透率与含气量是影响产能的主要因素：渗透率大于0.3×10^-3μm²和含气量高于15 m³/t是稳定产气量大于1 000 m³/d的前提条件。含气量主要受埋深和水动力条件影响,埋深越大,水动力条件越弱,含气量越高;渗透率主要受地应力、形变和裂缝发育情况控制,低地应力区和局部构造高点附近渗透率较高。根据渗透率与含气量将构造带划分为高渗高含气、高渗低含气、低渗高含气、低渗低含气4个区。其中,高渗高含气区产液量中等,产气能力高;高渗低含气区以异常高产液、低产气井为主;其他两区产液量和产气能力较低。     

青海木里地区冻土层、断层分布特征与天然气水合物成藏条件分析

以往研究表明冻土层及断层是陆域冻土区天然气水合物重要成藏要素,为了研究木里天然气水合物地区的断层及冻土层分布情况和天然气水合物成藏条件,应用音频大地电磁测深对木里试验区进行了冻土层及断层构造调查.依据试验区电性结构划分出了5组断层和4个断层构造发育区,其中F3断层发育规模最大.试验区冻土层发育不均匀,平面以岛状特征分布,平均厚度超过60m,划分了3个冻土层发育区.分析了天然气水合物成藏与冻土层、断层构造之间的关系,结合冻土层及断层构造条件,试验区东部F3-3至F3-5及F4断层附近为天然气水合物成藏有利区.     

Application of AVO Analysis to Seismic Data for Detection of Gas below Methane Hydrate Stability Zone in Nankai Trough Area

Abstract. For the purpose of development of methane hydrate, occurring in the deep marine subsurface, as a resource, the most important issue is to understand the methane hydrate system (generation, migration and accumulation) as well as to delineate the methane hydrate reservoir properties. We have applied the Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) analysis to the seismic data acquired in the Nankai Trough, offshore Japan, in order to confirm the occurrence of gas just below the methane hydrate-bearing zone, assuming that gas will show a so-called Class-3 AVO response. Knowledge of the amount and occurrence of gas in the sediment below methane hydrate-bearing zone is one of the keys to understand the methane hydrate system.
We have utilized the qualitative analysis of AVO methodology to delineate how gas is located below the BSR, which is thought to be the reflection event from the interface between the methane hydrate-bearing zone and the underlying gas-bearing zone. In the region of MITI Nankai Trough Well PSW-3, we observe two BSRs separated by 25 ms. After AVO modeling using well data, we applied AVO attribute analysis and attribute crossplot analysis to the seismic data. Finally we applied an offset-amplitude analysis to CMP gather data at specific locations to confirm the results of AVO attribute analysis. The AVO analysis shows that there is very little gas located in the underlying sediment below methane hydrate-bearing zone. This result supports the fact that we could not obtain any clear evidence of gas occurrence just below the methane hydrate-bearing zone in the Nankai Trough well drilling.     

河东煤田三交区块水文地质条件控气的正负耦合效应

煤层气的开采受多种地质因素的影响,不同区块的主控因素各不相同.山西河东煤田三交区块构造简单,煤岩渗透率和临储比相对其他区块较优,含气性良好,是煤层气开采的优势区块,但是区内不同气井产气量却相差很大.结合现场排采井采出水的水质分析实验与stiff图解法,综合分析各种地质因素,认为水文条件是该区块控气的主要因素,且水文地质控气存在着正负效应耦合的特殊性,合理分析水文地质特征是成功开采煤层气的关键所在.