四川龙门山地区阳新组灰岩地质特征及用途

二叠系阳新组灰岩厚度240~350 m,走向延伸大于50 km,出露面积15 km2以上,资源储量极为丰富.研究区0.6 km2范围内资源量为5193×104 t.阳新组灰岩CaO含量49.87%~55.74%,MgO含量0.24%~2.80%,SiO2含量0.38%~5.80%之间,SO3含量0.01%~0.40%,K2O+Na2O含量0.02%~0.12%,均达到Ⅰ级水泥用料要求.饱和抗压强度41.6~82.4 MPa,坚固性1%~3%,压碎指标8.2%~9.6%;所有指标均符合建筑石料用要求.对阳新组灰岩地质特征、物理化学指标的分析评价显示,其可广泛运用于水泥、建筑石料等领域,具有重要的经济价值和意义.     

浙江嵊州小黄山遗址石制品资源域研究

本文采用"遗址内"(on-site)的资源域分析方法,通过对小黄山遗址出土石制品岩性的鉴定和统计分析,结合区域地质资料,分析小黄山新石器时代遗址先民石制品的资源域,进而讨论其石料资源利用特点。结果表明,先民采取就近取材的资源获取方式,绝大部分石料都可以被地表径流作用搬运至遗址附近,原地开采或交换贸易的可能性不大。值得注意的是,即使是就近取材,石料的获取也并非随意的、单一来源的,据此推测玄武岩石料主要拾取于崇仁江,而角闪变粒岩、泥质板岩、花岗岩等石料只能通过长乐江获得,其余石料的获取指向性不明显,可能选择从较近的河流中获取。石料来源的不同,表明先民于距今9000~8000年前在该遗址获取石料已有一定的选择性。同时,石制品器形和岩性之间较强的对应关系,也反映出古人对各类石料物理性质的认识水平和对石料选择的偏向,是社会不断发展进步的表现,尤其是被用来制作石磨盘和磨石的气孔状玄武岩,有别于其他遗址多为砂岩质石磨盘的情况,这可能与玄武岩质石磨盘的加工效率有关。     

泥河湾盆地野牛坡发现早更新世旧石器

泥河湾盆地是东亚早期人类演化与技术发展的重要区域,以密集分布上百万年前的古人类活动遗址为学术界广泛关注。目前,在区内寻找更早的古人类活动遗存仍然是旧石器考古学界的追踪热点。文章报道近年来在岑家湾台地新发现的一处早更新世旧石器地点野牛坡。野牛坡遗址地处岑家湾台地西北边缘,勘探发现石制品14件,同时伴生丰富的哺乳动物化石。石制品类型包括修理品1件、石核4件、石片8件和断块1件,其中2件多台面多片疤石核的发现,表明其古人类具备较为成熟剥片的创造性思维。石制品所在地层属于下更新统泥河湾组,伴生哺乳动物化石是早更新世泥河湾动物群的常见属种,动物群和地层对比指示其层位年龄约170万年前。野牛坡遗址的发现,扩大了探索泥河湾盆地早更新世人类活动的视野,显示在该区域有进一步发现早更新世古人类活动遗存的潜力。从石制品特点来看,野牛坡石制品属于Nihewanian文化。

     

Modelling soil solute release and transport in run‐off on a loessial slope with and without surface stones

Stone covers on loessial slopes can increase the time of infiltration by slowing the velocity of the overland flow, which reduces the transport of solutes, but few mechanistic models have been tested under water‐scouring conditions. We carried out field experiments to test a previously proposed, physically based model of water and solute transport. The area of soil infiltration was calculated from the uncovered surface area, and Richards' equation and the kinematic wave equation were used to describe water infiltration and flow along slopes with stone covers. The transport of chemicals into the run‐off from the surface soil, presumably by diffusion, and their movement in the soil profile could be described by the convection–diffusion equations of the model. The simulated and measured data correlated well. The stones on the soil surface reduced the area available for infiltration but increased the Manning coefficient, eventually leading to increased water infiltration and decreased solute loss with run‐off. Our results indicated that the traditional model of water movement and solute migration could be used to simulate water transport and solute migration for stone‐covered soil on loessial slopes.     

天山石林的景观特征及成因浅析

天山石林,位于新疆天山西段的腹心地区,石林景观千姿百态,多呈石墙状、石芽状、峰丛状、孤峰状、尖顶状、平顶状、蘑菇状、方柱形、浑圆形等。成景岩层为第四纪西域组。成因与节理裂隙、冰雪的融冻、差异风化、重力崩塌、化学溶蚀等地质作用有关。     

湖南天井冲石煤矿区温冲石煤钒矿矿床地质特征

在系统研究湖南宁乡天井冲石煤矿区温冲石煤钒矿矿区地质、矿体地质特征、矿石地质特征的基础上,运用统计学方法对该区真厚度、发热量和钒含量进行统计分析和相关分析,并总结控矿条件,确定找矿标志。     

深圳地区花岗岩球状风化体地下分布规律统计分析

深圳花岗岩发育地区球状风化体(俗称孤石)广泛分布,对地下工程建设产生了不利的影响.通过对深圳地区花岗岩孤石大样本的统计分析,得到如下统计结论:深圳地区花岗岩孤石主要成份是微风化花岗岩,60％以上分布在强风化花岗岩层中,残积层和全风化层中也有分布,孤石层面分布高程集中在40.00～70.00m(黄海高程)区间内;80％的孤石揭示“厚度”不超过2.50m,三分之二花岗岩孤石主要发育一层,随着发育层数的增多,出现频率锐减.     

Seismic fragility assessment of low-rise stone masonry buildings

Many historic buildings in old urban centers in Eastern Canada are made of stone masonry reputed to be highly vulnerable to seismic loads.Seismic risk assessment of stone masonry buildings is therefore the first step in the risk mitigation process to provide adequate planning for retrofit and preservation of historical urban centers.This paper focuses on development of analytical displacement-based fragility curves reflecting the characteristics of existing stone masonry buildings in Eastern Canada.The old historic center of Quebec City has been selected as a typical study area.The standard fragility analysis combines the inelastic spectral displacement,a structure-dependent earthquake intensity measure,and the building damage state correlated to the induced building displacement.The proposed procedure consists of a three-step development process:(1) mechanics-based capacity model,(2) displacement-based damage model and(3) seismic demand model.The damage estimation for a uniform hazard scenario of 2% in 50 years probability of exceedance indicates that slight to moderate damage is the most probable damage experienced by these stone masonry buildings.Comparison is also made with fragility curves implicit in the seismic risk assessment tools Hazus and ELER.Hazus shows the highest probability of the occurrence of no to slight damage,whereas the highest probability of extensive and complete damage is predicted with ELER.This comparison shows the importance of the development of fragility curves specific to the generic construction characteristics in the study area and emphasizes the need for critical use of regional risk assessment tools and generated results.     

Effects of land use,slope gradient,and soil and water conservation structures on runoff and soil loss in semi-arid Northern Ethiopia

April lightning production in Richmond County, Georgia, from 1995 to 2003 is considered with regard to the associated risk to golfers and spectators at the Master's Golf Tournament and courses throughout the county. An examination of the April lightning climatology of Georgia, focusing on Richmond County, reveals a minimum in lightning activity during the time of the tournament (the first full week of April). A discriminant analysis of Richmond County lightning production utilizes several meteorological variables in order to discern between three categories of April lightning days: little or no lightning activity, minimal lightning activity, and high lightning activity. The analysis distinguishes relatively well between the categories with only 13.5% of the events misclassified. A composite regional analysis of the three lightning categories illustrates the environmental differences between these events. Although the little or no lightning and high lightning categories are somewhat similar environmentally, the intensity of features separates these events and allows for interpretation. The statistical and synoptic analyses together emphasize the importance of low-level instability and frontal proximity and intensity in enhancing lightning production in thunderstorms during April in and surrounding Richmond County. A multitude of meteorological conditions can lead to thunderstorm development. Localized studies of these environments, especially during times of major outdoor sporting events, are needed to help mitigate the risk associated with lightning.