The human impact on natural rock reserves using basalt,anorthosite, and carbonates as raw materials in insulation products

Typical crustal rocks such as basalt, limestone, and anorthosite are used in stone wool insulation products. The raw materials for stone wool production are not specific to any rare mineral source but depend upon the mixture of materials having the correct chemical composition, exemplified by 40 wt% basalt, 20 wt% anorthosite, and 40 wt% cement-bonded renewable materials. This study provides an overview of the natural cycle of these resources, including their abundances in nature, and sets the consumption by the stone wool industry and other human activities in perspective.

Basalt, anorthosite, and carbonates are widespread on all continents. Although basaltic rocks cover most of the ocean floor, these reserves are hidden below several kilometres of water and therefore are regarded as inaccessible. Instead, large igneous provinces on land constitute major basaltic reserves useful for human rock exploration. Globally, anorthositic provinces comprise smaller volumes than do limestone or basalt, but still occur in sufficient amounts to supply for the production of insulation materials indefinitely. An evaluation of the modern consumption rates and reserves shows that the crustal inventories of these rock types are so large that they could supply current human demand for millions of years.

The natural degradation of surface rocks occurs by physical and chemical weathering creating sediment that is transported along rivers and deposited in the ocean. Sediments are either obducted with continental lithosphere or subducted with oceanic crust and recycled through the mantle by plate tectonics. Insulation products have a chemical composition similar to average crustal rocks and participate in the natural rock cycle. However, these products need not accumulate in nature, inasmuch as old insulation materials serve as excellent source materials for new products. Moreover, current production lines exploit more than 30 natural and 20–30 synthetic source materials that circumvent regional depletion and contribute to the recycling of other industrial materials.     

Petrographical and geochemical characterization of Comblanchien limestone (Bourgogne,France): A fingerprint of the building stone provenance

The Comblanchien limestone is a well-known building stone that deserves a quantitative characterization in order to be able to certify its origin. We compare petrographical and geochemical characteristics of limestones commercialized under the name of Comblanchien to those of one of their competitors (VATC, a Portuguese coated grain-bearing limestone). From macroscopic and microscopic observations, the distinction is somehow difficult but the coated grain-bearing Comblanchien samples have δ¹³C values (from +1.75 to +2.25‰) different from those of the VATC sample (negative δ¹³C value). As an example of application of these results, three samples from a building site near Paris are also studied in order to verify their provenance. We conclude that they do not come from quarries from the Comblanchien area, but likely from Portugal. The study shows that a detailed analysis of building limestones may provide a robust tool for discriminating between currently mined stones of different provenances, and thus open the possibility to attach to a given limestone a fingerprint, an identity card, and if required a commercial label.     

Consolidation calculation by stone column and of soft ground reinforced practical application

推导了等应变条件下桩阻作用时的碎石桩复合地基固结方程,并与现场沉降观测数据换算出碎石桩复合地基在路堤施工过程中的固结度对比,二者吻合较好,证明了公式的正确性。沉降观测数据还表明：使用碎石桩处理软土地基能加快地基的固结速率。     

福建永安喀斯特石林形成年代及发育过程

根据对永安石林地区地质、水文地质条件的分析,利用不平衡铀系法,对区内不同高程位置的钙华沉积物岩样进行年龄测定,确定了永安石林形成年代在中更新世以来约25万年。并结合永安地区地质构造历史及闽江流域发育演化过程,分析得出永安石林主要是在第四纪以后大湖盆地处于剥蚀环境下,伴随地壳间歇性抬升运动,石炭纪、二叠纪石灰岩上覆岩层逐渐被风化剥蚀后形成的。     

利用无人船测量系统检测钱塘江护岸工程水下块石

水下块石检测与识别作为钱塘江海塘护岸工程的关键环节,对保障板桩施工工效至关重要。本文首先在研究无人船测量系统岸基通信、数据采集核心技术基础上,推导了NORBIT多波束声呐分辨率估计模型及附加块石粒径约束条件的最大波束开角、最小数据更新率、最大航速间的关系式和推荐值;然后结合钱塘江水下多波束扫测点云数据三维特性,对区域生长算法进行改进,以实现块石点云识别和提取。工程实践结果表明,优化的无人船测量系统多波束声呐参数可实现水下细小块石精准检测,能如实反映水下块石及周边微地形地貌真实情况,改进的区域生长算法能从众多河床点云数据中高效提取水下块石点云,为板桩施工提供准确的块石分布情况,具有很好的工程应用意义。     

越南阮朝顺化皇城嵌瓷装饰景观特征及影响机理分析

采用实地考查、信息采集、测绘数据、文献整理等研究方法,以越南阮朝顺化皇城修复的主要宫殿为例,从文化地理学和设计学的角度提取识别越南顺化皇城空间格局、装饰题材、色彩配置的景观特征,揭示其与中国岭南嵌瓷装饰的内在关系及影响机理。结果表明：顺化皇城嵌瓷在岭南建筑装饰中融入本土文化,之所以形成越南官署嵌瓷样式,是因为相似的自然地理环境、中国建筑陶瓷的区际辐射和阮朝统治阶层的青睐等因素共同作用的结果,嵌瓷装饰的文化表征集巧丽繁缛于一体的,彰显出宗法礼教与国家意志的皇权空间特质,成为东南亚王宫建筑景观的典范。为推进“一带一路”的建设,活化中外文明交流互鉴的文化遗产提供参考。     

新疆博乐市桑金布拉克饰面石材花岗岩矿地质特征

文章阐述了新疆博乐市桑金布拉克饰面石材花岗岩矿的主要矿体形态、产状、规模和矿石的类型、品种及物理性能、放射性、荒料率、加工技术性能等质量特征,以及工作区水、工、环地质勘查,矿床开采技术条件;估算了花岗岩矿石资源/储量.     

福建太姥山晶洞碱长花岗岩地貌特征

太姥山是东南沿海低山丘陵唯一的花岗岩峰丛-石蛋地貌,燕山晚期"A"型晶洞碱长花岗岩是太姥山造景岩石,北东东、北北西向断裂、裂隙及节理是控制山峰形态和规模的主要构造,风化剥蚀、降水侵蚀和重力崩塌是地貌形成的主要外动力作用,目前该地貌演化处于壮年早期阶段。其构造位置特殊、成景岩性独特,地貌类型丰富,是东南沿海晶洞花岗岩山岳地貌的典型代表和宝贵的地质遗迹。     

福建寿山高山石与坑头石的矿物学特征

运用显微硬度测试仪、静水称重法、X射线粉晶衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪、原子吸收分光光度计、环境扫描电镜等测试手段,对福建寿山高山石和坑头石的矿物学特征进行了研究。结果表明,高山石含有多种高岭石族矿物,其中以地开石为主要矿物;坑头石中除含有地开石外,还存在相当数量的珍珠陶石以及地开石-高岭石、地开石-珍珠陶石的过渡矿物。认为寿山石的透明度与矿物颗粒的粒度、结晶程度有关。另外,发现铁离子为黑色寿山石的主要致色离子,寿山石中的裂解主要由矿物颗粒间定向排列造成。