Quantification and classification of ship scraping waste at Alang-Sosiya, India

Alang–Sosiya located on the Western Coast of Gulf of Cambay, is the largest ship recycling yard in the world. Every year on average 365 ships having a mean weight (2.10 × 10⁶ ± 7.82 × 10⁵ LDT) are scrapped. This industry generates a huge quantity of solid waste in the form of broken wood, rubber, insulation materials, paper, metals, glass and ceramics, plastics, leather, textiles, food waste, chemicals, paints, thermocol, sponge, ash, oil mixed sponges, miscellaneous combustible and non-combustible. The quantity and composition of solid waste was collected for a period of three months and the average values are presented in this work. Sosiya had the most waste 15.63 kg/m² compared to Alang 10.19 kg/m². The combustible solid waste quantity was around 83.0% of the total solid waste available at the yard, which represents an average weight of 9.807 kg/m²; whereas, non-combustible waste is 1.933 kg/m². There is not much difference between the average of total solid waste calculated from the sampling data (96.71 MT/day) and the data provided by the port authorities (96.8 MT/day).     

内蒙古满都拉二叠纪海绵生物丘的发现及意义

在内蒙古自治区达尔罕茂明安联合旗北部满都拉地区进行 1/5万区域地质调查过程中 ,首次于阳新统哲斯组中识别出小型海绵生物丘。海绵生物丘发育于华北板块北部活动边缘晚华力西褶皱造山带上 ,分布于近东西向延伸的大石寨组火山岛弧的两侧 ,南侧在包特格、满都拉苏木等地以小型海绵丘为特征 (局限弧后盆地边缘海绵丘 ) ;北侧发育了规模较大的哲斯敖包生物礁 (开阔台地边缘礁 )。通过对海绵及其他生物化石的古生态分析 ,结合沉积特征探讨了该区阳新世的古地理环境     

中国日降雨空间变化对雨水径流源头总量控制的影响

为研究中国不同区域的降雨特征对径流总量控制效果的影响,利用186个气象站近30年的日降雨量资料,通过空间分析与统计计算,得到不同年径流总量控制率所对应的设计降雨量以及年均控制降雨量;结合年径流总量控制率与年均控制降雨量的关系将中国区域分为9种类型。结果表明:中国设计降雨量地域变化明显,广东、四川、广西、河北和河南等省的标准差为全国平均水平的1.5~3倍,且随年径流总量控制率的提升而增加,源头径流控制效果差异明显;南部地区径流控制效果多为"高量低率";"低量低率"区位于甘肃、宁夏等地,面积占比为9.44%,其降雨特征不适合发挥源头控制设施的效果;而最适宜发挥源头控制作用的"高量高率"区位于西南部分地区,面积占比为3.80%。     

Study of the insulation effect of freezing apparatuses

In-situ tests and numerical manipulations were conducted for comparison of superior/inferior quality of casing-tube-vacuumized insulation and polyurethane insulation of freezing apparatuses in relation to non-uniform cold distribution in the multi-coil freezing layout and the contradiction between large-coil diameter layout of the freezing holes and stability of the headframe base. Tests show that: (1) under current technology, vacuumized insulation is of short duration due to lack of appropriate applied vacuum; (2) after the freezing pipe is insulated with polyurethane, the temperature gradient is less than no insulation, and the temperature difference between insulated and non-insulated apparatuses is stable as the freezing period increases. Finally, it is pointed out that polyurethane insulation is quite efficient in present technical freezing construction.     

基于高分二号卫星影像的城市不透水面提取

受到分类目标趋于多样化和影像因素复杂的影响,基于高分辨率遥感影像提取城市不透水面的方法普遍精度不高。本文旨在探索快速有效地利用高分辨率遥感影像提取不透水面方法。以梧州市高分二号遥感卫星影像为例,采用支持向量机方法应用于不透水面分类中。这种方法首先根据高斯核函数训练出样本空间,然后直接对经过HSL色彩空间变换后的影像进行分类,使得有效特征信息增加进而分类精度提高。实验结果证明了这种方法的有效性。     

地理国情普查数据在海绵城市空间布局优化中的应用研究

地理国情普查成果的开发应用是地理信息社会化服务的热点领域。本研究从海绵城市建设的角度出发,应用地理国情普查成果,构建一套完整的海绵城市空间布局优化技术。研究结果表明:利用地理国情普查成果优化后的海绵城市空间布局,能有效缓解城市暴雨内涝灾害,对于常年遭遇中等强度降雨的城市效果明显。本文拓展地理国情普查成果应用,进一步提高地理国情成果对政府的辅助决策价值。     

Responses of two temperate sponge species to ocean acidification

There are still major gaps in our understanding of the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on some groups of organisms within different geographic regions. We investigated the effect of OA on two common and ecologically important temperate sponge species in New Zealand (Tethya bergquistae and Crella incrustans). Sponges were kept at pH 8 (control) and 7.6 for 4 weeks. Responses of the two species varied, with T. bergquistae kept at pH 7.6 showing some mortality in response to reduced pH and evidence of tissues necrosis. In contrast, only one C. incrustans died in the pH 7.6 treatment and showed little evidence of any tissue degradation. Only T. bergquistae showed evidence for physiological effects of reduced pH as respiration rates were generally higher in the pH 7.6 treatment. Our results provide preliminary evidence to support a general tolerance of temperate sponges to reduced pH, but that some species-specific responses may exist.     

生物滞留设施规模设计方法研究

研究提出了基于单场次降雨分析以及基于长系列降雨统计的生物滞留设施规模设计方法。针对国内市政排水设计一般采用设计重现期的概念,基于单场次降雨分析的规模设计方法用暴雨强度公式和雨型分配方法计算设计降雨过程,由设计降雨推算设施入流过程,用水量平衡法推算出流过程,用洪量削减率、洪峰削减率、洪峰延迟时间评估设计效果。基于长系列降雨统计的规模设计方法对长期日降雨量进行统计分析,得出不同降雨发生频率对应的设施入流量及处理量,用年径流总量削减率评估设计效果。     

两种黄海潮间带海绵的元素与氨基酸成分分析

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)分析了黄海潮间带繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)和肾指海绵(Reniochalina sp.)的无机元素,其中硅是两种海绵中最多的无机元素。繁茂膜海绵较肾指海绵的锌含量高,参照文献数据推测这可能是该属海绵的特性。测定了2种海绵的含水量,有机碳、氮、氢元素和氯基酸在海绵干质量中的比例。分析了繁茂膜海绵在2002年8月到11月中主要无机元素的变化,发现繁茂膜海绵中的硅含量在降低。繁茂膜海绵的氨基酸总量远高于肾指海绵,2种海绵中含量较高的氨基酸是甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸等。元素与氨基酸分析将对海绵细胞培养基开发有帮助。     

Study on algae removal by immobilized biosystem on sponge

In this study, sponges were used to immobilize domesticated sludge microbes in a limited space, forming an immobilized biosystem capable of algae and microcystins removal. The removal effects on algae, microcystins and UV260 of this biosystem and the mechanism of algae removal were studied. The results showed that active sludge from sewage treatment plants was able to remove algae from a eutrophic lake＇s water after 7 d of domestication. The removal efficiency for algae, organic matter and microcystins increased when the domesticated sludge was immobilized on sponges. When the hydraulic retention time （HRT） was 5h, the removal rates of algae, microcystins and UV260 were 90%, 94.17% and 84%, respectively. The immobilized biosystem consisted mostly of bacteria, the Ciliata and Sarcodina protozoans and the Rotifer metazoans. Algal decomposition by zoogloea bacteria and preyingby microcreatures were the two main modes of algal removal, which occurred in two steps： first, absorption by the zoogloea; second, decomposition by the zoogloea bacteria and the predacity of the microcreatures.