Dioxin-like compounds in sediments from the Daliao River Estuary of Bohai Sea: distribution and their influencing factors

The concentrations, compositional profiles, and potential ecological risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments of the Daliao River Estuary were investigated. Total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs were in the range of 11.3-133.2 ng/kg dry weight (dw), 1 971-37 632 ng/kg dw and 33.1-284.4 ng/kg dw, respectively. The total TEQ values varied from 0.37 to 4.08 ng/kg dw, with the dominant contributions by PCDD/Fs, then by PCBs and PCNs. The spatial distributions of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in the river estuary were much related to hydrodynamic conditions. The risk of contamination to the deeper sea was increased in the flood seasons. Moreover, our data confirmed that both organic matter in sediments and molecular properties of dioxin-like compounds were the factors which strongly influenced the partition behavior of these dioxin-like compounds between sediments and water phase in the estuarine zone.     

Characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in sediments from riverine and coastal waters of Surabaya, Indonesia

A total of 33 surficial sediments from riverine and coastal waters from Surabaya, Indonesia were analyzed for PCBs and BFRs. Concentrations of PCBs (62 congeners), PBDEs (14 congeners) and HBCDs (3 isomers) varied from <DL-420, <DL-35 and <DL-5.4 ng g⁻¹ dw, respectively. Higher concentrations of these compounds were found in riverine than coastal sediments. Their levels and distribution were influenced by proximity to the point sources and TOC. The predominant congeners were CB-153, -28, -138, -149, -180, -33 and BDE-209, -207, -206, -197, -196, -183, -99, -47 for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively, and γ-isomer for HBCDs. Debromination of BDE-209 might be taking place producing lower toxic congeners in sediment. Levels of PCBs in riverine sediments were comparable with some polluted areas worldwide, but PBDEs and HBCDs were lower. Hazard assessment of PCBs indicated possible toxic potential, particularly in areas close to point sources.     

废旧电容器封存点土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)研究了长江三角洲某废旧电容器封存点土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征。利用GC-MS的选择离子监测模式(SIM)对包括7种指示性PCBs和12种类二噁英PCBs共19种PCBs进行分析。统计结果显示,该封存点土壤中19种PCBs含量为2.01～5201.20 ng/g,平均含量为229.38ng/g,明显高于国内一般土壤,但低于国内某些封存点土壤。土壤中19种PCBs同系物以低氯代(3～5氯)为主,三者占同系物总量的85.43%,尤以三氯代-PCB 28、四氯代-PCB 52和五氯代-PCB 118残留量最高。通过对比分析得出,封存点土壤PCBs以Aroclor 1242、Aroclor 1248为主,并含少量的Aroclor 1254。封存点土壤中PCBs残留量虽未超过控制值,但已呈现污染迹象,应及时采取控制措施,阻止污染趋势进一步扩大。     

桑沟湾水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平及分布特征

以气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)分析并结合外标法,定量测定了桑沟湾海域水体中15种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的含量.结果表明:桑沟湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为20.34～52.86 ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为31.7～58.68 ng/L.该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药6种,DDTs类化合物是水体...     

气相色谱-高分辨质谱联用测定地下水中16种典型痕量含氯持久性有机污染物

9种有机氯农药(α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、六氯苯、p,p’-DDE、p,p’-DDD、o,p '-DDT和P,p’-DDT)和7种指示性多氯联苯(PCB 28、PCB 52、PCB 101、PCB 118、PCB 138、PCB 153和PCB 180)是我国地下水水质调查的必测和选测的持久性有机污染物.目前采用的气相色谱-电子捕获检测器和气相色谱-质谱-选择离子监测分析技术,无法对地下水中这16种痕量和超痕量典型含氯持久性有机污染物进行准确的定性和定量分析.本文建立了地下水中16种典型含氯持久性有机污染物的固相圆盘萃取-气相色谱-高分辨质谱分析方法,目标物检出限为0.10 ～0.20 ng/L,基体加标回收率为61.9％ ～93.3％,精密度(RSD,n=5)为2.41％ ～20.0％,能够对地下水中痕量目标物进行准确定性和定量.应用该方法检测了两个地区16个地下水样品中的目标物.结果表明,两地实际样品中均未检出多氯联苯,而普遍检出急性毒性最强的γ-HCH和致癌活性最高的α-HCH,根据α-HCH和γ-HCH浓度的比值可以初步判断,两个地区的地下水样品有受到新的HCH排放源污染的可能性.     

环境样品中痕量多氯联苯的前处理方法及萃取材料的研究进展

多氯联苯(PCBs)是环境中一类强致癌性持久性有机污染物,而其在环境中含量极低(10-9～10-8mg/kg级),选择合适的前处理方法,以实现对环境复杂背景中痕量PCBs的分离富集,这对于PCBs的环境毒理学研究具有重要意义。使用绿色环保的前处理技术,减少有机试剂用量,并能简化实验步骤,提高富集和分离效率,且最大程度上减少背景干扰是当前PCBs前处理方法发展的方向。近年来PCBs的前处理方法取得了较快发展,开发新型的萃取材料是发展高效快捷前处理方法的关键因素。文章综述了国内外PCBs的前处理方法,包括液液萃取、超临界流体萃取、微波萃取、加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取。固相萃取已经成为富集PCBs的最佳提取方法之一,固相萃取方法使用的材料(键合硅胶、有机物聚合树脂、活性炭、纳米材料、分子印迹材料)对PCBs富集原理和富集效率、操作过程等各有优缺点。新型的磁性固相纳米萃取材料由于其极高的比表面积和强吸附性能,较常规的固相萃取方法大大缩短了前处理时间;分子印迹萃取纳米材料对PCBs兼具高富集性和高选择性的突出优点,可以大大降低背景干扰,非常适合于痕量PCBs的无干扰萃取。这两种材料是今后主要的发展方向。     

Effects of trophic ecology and habitat use on maternal transfer of contaminants in four species of young of the year lamniform sharks

Organic contaminant and total mercury concentrations were compared in four species of lamniform sharks over several age classes to examine bioaccumulation patterns and gain insights into trophic ecology. Contaminants found in young of the year (YOY) sharks were assumed to be derived from maternal sources and used as a proxy to investigate factors that influence maternal offloading processes. YOY white (Carcharodon carcharias) and mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) sharks had comparable and significantly higher concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, pesticides, and mercury than YOY thresher (Alopias vulpinus) or salmon (Lamna ditropis) sharks. A significant positive relationship was found between YOY contaminant loads and maternal trophic position, suggesting that trophic ecology is one factor that plays an important role in maternal offloading. Differences in organic contaminant signatures and contaminant concentration magnitudes among species corroborated what is known about species habitat use and may be used to provide insights into the feeding ecology of these animals.     

多氯联苯的环境特性及分析测试进展

由于多氯联苯(PCBs)在环境样品中残留浓度低,基质复杂干扰多,必须对环境样品进行预处理,并且结合先进的分析测试方法进行分析。文章综述了PCBs的性质及其主要来源;近年来分析PCBs的前处理方法,主要包括加速溶剂萃取、超临界流体萃取、微波萃取、固相微萃取、基质分散固相萃取等提取方法和固相萃取小柱、凝胶渗透色谱等净化方法;目前气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用技术发展以及一些新技术在分析PCBs方面的应用,包括全二维气相色谱法、快速气相色谱法、气相色谱-离子肼串联质谱法、高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱法等。总结了国内外PCBs的研究现状。     

Use of the clam Asaphis deflorata as a potential indicator of organochlorine bioaccumulation in Hong Kong coastal sediments

In order to test its ability as a bioaccumulator, the deposit feeding clam Asaphis deflorata, collected from a clean coastal area in Hong Kong (Ding Chau, Ma On Shan), was exposed to field-collected sediments representing a gradient of contamination. Sediments were collected from four sites, namely Shek O in the southeast of Hong Kong Island, Ap Lei Chau in Aberdeen district, Tai Kok Tsui in the Mong Kok waterfront, and To Kwa Wan near Kowloon City pier. Shek O was the cleanest and To Kwa Wan was the most polluted site. Replicate 30 L fiberglass tanks containing equal numbers of organisms were maintained for 28 days, with equal quantities of sediment and filtered seawater. Prior to this the animals were depurated for 10 days in clean sediment. During the 28-day holding period, sampling of both sediment and clams was performed on days 0, 10 and 28, along with condition index measurements. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in sediments showed that Shek O was the cleanest of the sites, followed by Ap Lei Chau, Tai Kok Tsui and To Kwa Wan. There were marked differences among the sites, especially in PAH concentrations, with To Kwa Wan showing extremely high sediment concentrations.Following exposure, the biota concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides and PCBs suggested that there was sediment concentration-dependent accumulation by A. deflorata on day 10 of the experiment. However, there was no significant increase on day 28 for any of the compounds tested. Contaminant concentrations in clams feeding on Shek O sediments were minimal and almost the same on all sampling days, indicating the presence of only baseline contaminant concentrations. The condition indices (CI) of the clams on various sampling days showed that the animals were relatively more stable in sediment from Shek O. There were some deaths in all the test tanks (including those containing Shek O sediments). In addition, clams appeared to bury faster in the cleaner Shek O sediment and remained buried, unlike those in the sediment from the other locations, where some remained predominantly on the surface. Nevertheless, despite not completely burying, the clams in other test sediments still exhibited sediment concentration-dependent tissue accumulation. The results of the investigation indicate the possibility of developing a standard test protocol for bioaccumulation by sediment dwelling invertebrates, for practical use in Hong Kong, using A. deflorata.     

Aroclor 1254对大弹涂鱼精巢线粒体氧化应激的影响

大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris)是盛产于我国东南沿海滩涂的两栖经济鱼类。分别用1,2,4μg/g的Aroclor 1254对生殖期雄性大弹涂鱼腹腔注射28 d后,检测大弹涂鱼精巢与储精囊的绝对与相对重量,并检测其精巢线粒体氧化水平、抗氧化酶活性与非酶类抗氧化剂含量。结果显示,1μg/g Aroclor1254剂量组中大弹涂鱼精巢、储精囊绝对重量与对照组均无显著差异(p=0.90),而较高剂量组(2,4μg/g Aroclor1254)上述指标均显著低于对照组(p0.05);相对重量指标中仅4μg/g Aroclor1254剂量组的储精囊相对重量显著低于对照组(p0.05)。此外,Aroclor1254使精巢抗氧化防御能力降低,三个处理组的SOD活性与GSH含量均比对照显著下降(p0.05),较高剂量组CAT,GPx,GR活性及Vit C含量也均显著低于对照(p0.05);而H2O2产量与脂质过氧化反应显著增加,1,2和4μg/g剂量组中MDA含量分别为对照组的1.12,1.52和1.80倍,H2O2含量分别为对照组的1.20,1.40和1.75倍,与Aroclor1254剂量呈现明显相关性。表明Aroclor1254可以诱导精巢线粒体的氧化应激对精巢产生毒性,影响雄性大弹涂鱼生殖机能。