水环境污染物迁移转化研究与泥沙运动

从三个方面,即泥沙颗粒本身的性质,污染水体中泥沙运动特点如污水氧化塘中的泥沙运动、河口段的泥沙运动,天然水体中污染物如重金属、难降解有机污染物、营养性污染物和油污染物迁移转化、归宿现象,阐述了将环境科学主要是水环境化学、环境地球化学、水化学和水利工程科学主要是水力学、泥沙运动力学结合起来研究水环境问题的重要性和必要性。     

应用Models-3/CMAQ模式对华北地区一次强沙尘天气的研究初探

根据2002年在ACE-Asia和TRACE-P试验中获得的亚洲区域污染源排放资料,结合由MICAPS能见度观测资料估算而得的颗粒物排放资料,利用美国EPA最新发展的Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟研究了2002年3月华北地区发生的一次强沙尘暴个例.结果表明,(1)模拟的各气态污染物的时空演变及相互关系与已有的观测结果基本一致.(2)颗粒污染物的模拟结果也反映了已有的观测事实,粗细颗粒物呈一致的先降后升日变化趋势;沙尘过程前期,颗粒物污染主要来源于近地面污染源;沙尘期间,颗粒物污染主要源自外界沙尘的高空输送,且粗颗粒物污染是此次过程的首要颗粒污染.(3)该模式系统可用于沙尘气溶胶研究的进一步开发与利用.     

Using blood samples to estimate persistent organic pollutants and metals in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals have been reported in a number of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations worldwide. However, due to ethical considerations, these studies have generally been on tissues from deceased and stranded animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of blood samples to estimate the tissue contamination of live C. mydas populations. This study analysed 125 POP compounds and eight heavy metals in the blood, liver, kidney and muscle of 16 C. mydas from the Sea World Sea Turtle Rehabilitation Program, Gold Coast, Australia. Strong correlations were observed between blood and tissue concentrations for a number of POPs and metals. Furthermore, these correlations were observed over large ranges of turtle size, sex and condition. These results indicate that blood samples are a reliable non-lethal method for predicting chemical contamination in C. mydas.     

近30年胶州湾海水中主要化学污染物时空变化特征

根据近30年胶州湾海域的历史监测资料和2007年5,8,10月3个航次的现场调查资料,分析了胶州湾表层海水中溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、石油烃和化学需氧量(COD)等化学污染物的年均浓度和平面分布的长期变化规律,并应用富营养化状态指数(E)对海域水质进行了评价和分析.结果表明,1980年代至今,胶州湾海水中DIN年均浓度呈不断上升趋势,变化范围为6.14～33.19 μmol·dm-3;PO4-P、石油烃呈先上升、后下降的趋势,其中PO4-P浓度变化范围为0.32～0.92 μmol·dm-3,石油烃为28.26～79.13 μg·dm-3;COD呈先降低、后升高的趋势,变化范围为0.57～1.60 mg·dm-3.从污染物平面分布看,DIN、PO4-P高值区主要集中在东北部海域,进入21世纪后向西部海域转移;石油烃呈由东向西递减的趋势;COD呈东北和西北沿岸海域浓度较高,向中部和南部逐渐降低的趋势.富营养化评价结果表明,1980年代,胶州湾海域E值<1,未达到富营养化状态;1990年代至今,E值超过1并呈逐渐增大的趋势,表明富营养化程度逐渐加重, 2007年E值达到4.15.从E平面分布看,富营养化区域主要集中在东北和西部沿岸邻近海域,这主要是受到陆源营养盐和其他污染物大量排放的影响.     

沉积物-水界面污染物迁移扩散的研究进展

污染物在沉积物-水界面的迁移扩散对研究其环境生物地球化学循环过程和评估水生态系统质量具有重要意义.本文回顾了关于沉积物-水界面的基本研究历程,重点介绍沉积物-水界面的垂向结构以及扩散边界层（DBL）的作用,展示污染物在沉积物-水界面的多维度分布（一维垂向、二维平面和三维立体）及其在沉积物-水界面的扩散过程,详细总结影响污染物在沉积物-水界面迁移扩散的环境因素（包括温度、溶解氧或氧化还原条件、pH值、离子强度或盐度、沉积物组成、共存污染物、溶解性有机质、水动力条件、生物扰动、微生物以及其他因素）,讨论当前关于沉积物-水界面污染物扩散通量估算几种方法的优缺点,最后,对沉积物-水界面污染物扩散研究在未来发展需要关注的几个方面进行了展望.     

The vertical transport of air pollutants by convective clouds Part II: Transport of soluble gases and sensitivity tests

A two-dimensional, non-reactive convective cloud transport model is used to simulate in detail the vertical transport and wet scavenging of soluble pollutant gases by a deep thunderstorm system, Simulations show that for gases with not very high solubility, a deep and intense thunderstorm can still rapidly and efficiently transport them from boundary layer (PBL) up to mid and upper troposphere, resulting in a local significant increase of concentration in the upper layer and a reduction in PBL. Dissolution effects decrease both the incloud gas concentration and the upward net fluxes. The higher the solubility is, the more remarkable the decrease is. However, for very low soluble gases (H < 102 M atm-1), the influences are very slight. In addition, the effects of irreversible dissolution and aqueous reactions in drops on the vertical transport of gaseous pollutants are estimated in extreme.     

人工湿地研究现状与展望

自1950s开始系统性研究以来,人工湿地研究日趋深入,也得到了广泛的应用.本文基于文献报道,对人工湿地研究的历程特别是我国的研究进行了分析,分为起步探索、迅猛发展和规范应用三个阶段.梳理了人工湿地的研究现状,主要集中在如何提高脱氮除磷效率、对新兴污染物的去除、人工湿地根区微生物结构与功能以及人工湿地模型四个方面.核心还是提高人工湿地对污染物的去除效率并解释其机理.未来需要长期监测数据支撑的理论实践结合的设计规程;进一步揭示人工湿地的生物过程;建立合理简化的模型,对系统进行准确预测.     

The Vertical Transport of Air Pollutants by Convective Clouds. Part I: A Non-Reactive Cloud Transport Model

A convective cloud transport model, without chemical processes, is developed by joining a set of concentration conservative equations into a two-dimensional, slab-symmetric and fully elastic numerical cloud model, and a numerical experiment is completed to simulate the vertical transport of ground-borne, inert gaseous pollutant by deepthunderstorm. The simulation shows that deep convective storm can very effectively transport high concentrated pollutant gas from PBL upward to the upper troposphere in 30 to 40 minutes, where the pollutant spreads laterally outward with strong anvil outflow, forming an extensive high concentration area. Meanwhile, relatively low concentration areas are formed in PBL both below and beside the cloud, mainly caused by dynamic pumping effect and sub-cloud downdraft flow. About 80% of the pollutant gas transported to the upper troposphere is from the layer below 1.5 km AGL (above ground level).