衡水市水功能区排污现状分析研究

衡水市是河北省缺水的城市之一,同时也是水体污染较突出的城市之一.由于衡水市经济的快速发展和人口的不断增长,工业废水和生活污水的排放在大量增加,根据2010年对全市水功能区及非水功能区重新进行的排污口核查与监测结果,从水功能区划分、水质状况、排污现状等方面,详细探讨了衡水市水功能区排污状况,并提出了排污治理建议.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviews in are this Article Northern Waters . Clive Archer and David Scivener , EDS. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment . P. A. Burrough . The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Environment Canada , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Brock University , AND Northwestern University . Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State. Rays Hudson AND Jim Lewis , EDS. Hazards: Technology and Fairness. Robert W. Kates and Alvin M. Weinberg . The Price of War. Urbanization in Vietnam 1954–85. Nigel Thrift and Dean Forbes . Population Structures and Models: Developments in Spatial Demography. Robert Woods and Philip Rees , EDS. Evaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region-An Earth-Science Perspective. J. I. Ziony , ed .     

Factors controlling the groundwater transport of U, Th, Ra, and Rn

A model for the groundwater transport of naturally occurring U, Th, Ra, and Rn nuclides in the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series is discussed. The model developed here takes into account transport by advection and the physico-chemical processes of weathering, decay, α-recoil, and sorption at the water-rock interface. It describes the evolution along a flowline of the activities of the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series nuclides in groundwater. Simple sets of relationships governing the activities of the various species in solution are derived, and these can be used both to calculate effective retardation factors and to interpret groundwater data. For the activities of each nuclide, a general solution to the transport equation has been obtained, which shows that the activities reach a constant value after a distance ϰ_i, characteristic of each nuclide. Where ϰ_i is much longer than the aquifer length, (for²³⁸U,²³⁴U, and²³²Th), the activities grow linearly with distance. Where gKⁱ is short compared to the aquifer length, (for²³⁴Th,²³⁰Th,²²⁸Th,²²⁸Ra, and²²⁴Ra), the activities rapidly reach a constant or quasi-constant activity value. For²²⁶Ra and²²²Rn, the limiting activity is reached after 1 km. High δ²³⁴U values (proportional to the ratio^ɛ234Th/^W238U) can be obtained through high recoil fraction and/or low weathering rates. The activity ratios²³⁰Th/²³²Th,²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra have been considered in the cases where either weathering or recoil is the predominant process of input from the mineral grain. Typical values for weathering rates and recoil fractions for a sandy aquifer indicate that recoil is the dominant process for Th isotopic ratios in the water. Measured data for Ra isotope activity ratios indicate that recoil is the process generally controlling the Ra isotopic composition in water. Higher isotopic ratios can be explained by different desorption kinetics of Ra. However, the model does not provide an explanation for²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra activity ratios less than unity. From the model, the highest²²²Rn emanation equals 2ɛ. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that²²²Rn activity can be used as a first approximation for input by recoil (Krishnaswamiet al 1982). However, high²²²Rn emanation cannot be explained by production from the surface layer as formulated in the model. Other possibilities involve models including surface precipitation, where the surface layer is not in steady-state.     

Mountain Water Tower and Ecological Risk Estimation of the Mesta-Nestos Transboundary River Basin （Bulgaria-Greece）

The Mesta-Nestos river basin in Bulgaria and Greece is a case study for transboundary decision-making support in south-eastern Europe and a show-case for the development of methodologies and information-gathering for the integrated regional planning of water resources. Land-use conflicts in this water-scarce region cover a wide spectrum of activities like agricultural irrigation,drinking water production,diversions for industrial water,and risk of pollution from mining,to name a few examples. Measurements of the water quality were carried out in the upper basin. Results will be illustrated by the example of the environmental situation in the alpine region of the Pirin National Park as well as in the Razlog Basin with a stronger anthropogenic impact and pollution around a former uranium mine near the village of Ele?nica. The social and economic development of this transboundary region is a recently established priority for the future. It will mean an increase in water usage and more stress for the water resources if regional impacts of global climate change are verified. Problem-focused management of the catchment area as a whole on the basis of proved geo-data sets is needed for the future.     

保守污染物水环境容量计算方法及其在大辽河流域的应用

根据保守污染物的迁移、转化特点,提出保守污染物水环境容量计算方法,并将这种方法应用于大辽河流域,得到地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)中规定的各种保守污染物的水环境容量,为流域保守污染物水环境容量总量控制提供了一种技术方法。     

土地利用方式对珠江河口生态环境的影响分析

本文探讨了珠江三角洲近年来主要土地利用方式的变化,其中城市化和植被覆盖的减少,以及农业施肥量 的增加,是造成陆源污染物增加的主要原因。分析了影响珠江河口生态环境的主要陆源污染物(泥沙、氮磷营养元 素、重金属和有机物)的产生和迁移过程,以及对河口生态环境的影响关系。从分析中可以看到,土地利用的变化能 够影响陆源污染物质的产生和迁移,合理的土地利用方式是降低陆源污染物质,改善珠江河口生态环境的重要措 施。陆源物质的产生与水循环密切相关,利用流域分布式水循环模型量化研究不同土地利用下的陆源物质产生、迁 移以及对河口生态环境的影响是未来主要发展方向。     

黄河流域七大城市群污染气体时空变化特征卫星遥感监测

为探究黄河流域大气污染的时空演变特征,本文从城市群角度出发,选取HCHO、NO₂及SO₂为诊断指标,对比分析2005—2019年七大城市群OMI观测对流层HCHO、NO₂及边界层SO₂柱浓度的年、季、月变化。研究揭示,流域内：①HCHO、NO₂及SO₂柱浓度高值区均集中在山东半岛城市群、中原城市群、晋中城市群南部和关中平原城市群东部。②HCHO柱浓度在2005—2019年呈波动上升趋势,七大城市群的月变化均呈单峰结构,且夏季高、冬季低、春季和秋季相当。③NO₂柱浓度在2005—2011年呈上升趋势,仅2008年出现短暂小幅下降。2011年执行《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13223—2011）后,呼包鄂榆、宁夏沿黄和晋中城市群开始大幅下降,山东半岛（2012年有小幅下降）、中原和关中平原城市群则在2013年《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后才开始大幅下降。月变化呈开口向上抛物线形态,浓度越高单峰结构越明显,且冬季高、夏季低、春季和秋季相当。④SO₂柱浓度在2007年达到顶峰,2008年开始大幅下降,2010年后呈波动下降趋势,月变化、季变化均与NO₂相似。黄河流域上游的兰西和宁夏沿黄城市群、上中游交界处的呼包鄂榆城市群空气质量较好,中游的关中平原和晋中城市群次之,中下游交界处的中原城市群和下游山东半岛城市群则较差。     

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定地下水中44种有机物污染物

地下水中有机氯、多环芳烃、邻苯二甲酸酯等半挥发性有机污染物对生态环境和人体健康带来潜在威胁,开发高效、准确、快速的检测方法具有现实意义。通过液液萃取、固相萃取等方式将水中有机污染物分类萃取,利用气相色谱、气相色谱-质谱、液相色谱-质谱等方法测定,不能在满足低检出限的同时测定多种类别有机污染物。本文建立了一种改进的QuECHERS方法,即在水样中加入少量有机溶剂振荡后直接取有机相,无需净化,利用灵敏度更高的气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱仪多反应监测模式(MRM)进行定性、内标法定量,实现了44种有机污染物的同时测定。实验优化了质谱条件,对比了不同溶剂的提取效果以及传统方法和QuECHERS的优缺点。结果表明:44种有机物在1～200μg/L范围内线性关系良好,各有机物的检出限和回收率均满足要求。本方法具有前处理简单、检出限低、邻苯二甲酸酯类本底低、多类有机物同时测定等优点,可应用于地下水中痕量有机物的测定和评估。     

大气污染物SOx输送方程的尺度分析

文中用量纲分析方法分析了控制大气污染物输送方程的动力学特性。提出了 6种反映大气污染物输送过程中各种动力、物理和化学过程相对重要性的动力学参数。并以硫氧化物为例进行了各参数量级大小分析 ,尤其对 3种起汇作用 (去除机理 )的机理 (化学转化、干沉降和湿清除 )在不同尺度大气污染过程中的作用进行了详细分析。结果表明 :在一般情况下 ,SO2 的气相化学作用小于干沉降和湿清除的作用 ;干沉降作用很依赖于模式最底层厚度的选取 ;在有降雨时湿清除作用一般较大。文中还对大气污染物SOx 输送方程各项特征量的量级作了分析对比 ,得出了控制不同尺度大气污染物输送过程的零级近似方程和一级近似方程 ,并指出了这些方程的基本特征     

南宁市大气能见度变化特征及影响因子分析

对2000至2006年的南宁市能见度资料进行统计分析。分析表明,南宁市近7a能见度年均值在13~17km之间,总体呈下降趋势。一年之中,能见度最小值主要出现在1至3月,最大值出现在6至7月,汛期能见度明显好于非汛期。一日之中,能见度的日变化为:08时<02时<20时<14时。能见度与气象因子的相关分析表明,能见度与温度、风速成正比,与压强、降水、湿度成反比。与污染物的相关分析表明,能见度与PM10浓度的相关性较强,达到-0.58。