青藏高原日土地区全新世中期以来介形类和孢粉组合变化及其古环境意义

本文综合分析了青藏高原日土地区RT-1剖面中介形类和孢粉种类组合的变化,结合三个光释光测年数据,探讨了该地区6510aBP以来古环境、古气候的演变。分析表明:日土地区在全新世中期曾有一个温暖湿润期(6170～5540aBP),之后气候环境频繁波动,逐渐趋向冷干,接近现代气候环境。43～30kaBP期间在鲁玛江冬错和班公错之间的古泛湖解体后,日土地区因为地势低洼,而在当时成为一个封闭的水体,并且一度与相邻的班公错相连。当时的水体一直持续到全新世,在经历了全新世暖湿期时短暂的湖涨期以后,逐渐萎缩,至约1570～1380aBP最终干涸消失,形成现今地貌。研究表明全新世大暖期在本地区也有反映,但是在高原深部,大暖期更为短暂,气候波动更为频繁。     

断层系的分维及储层裂缝发育带的预测技术

在勘探和开发碳酸盐岩气藏中，如何寻找和划定断裂及缝洞发育带是一重要研究课题。不同强度、不同受力方式的褶皱，它们的断裂及裂缝发育带的分布不同。要加深对复杂的地质构造，特别是控制油气聚集的断层、裂缝带的认识，仅靠现有地震勘探技术是很难实现的，用分形分维原理预测储层裂缝发育带可望有所突破。     

腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期气候不稳定性记录

通过对红水河剖面元素地球化学和孢粉以及地层岩性的分析,在讨论了沉积地层连续性和记录完整性的基础上,重建了腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期的气候环境演变序列。结果表明,沉积物中Ca,Fe,Mg,K,Na和Mn等元素含量的变化以及结合其不同的孢粉组合,不仅与沉积环境紧密相关,而且可以很好地揭示该地区晚冰期以来气候环境变化的基本特征和历史,显示研究区在13.6～9.7cal.kaB.P.期间主要经历了以下几个阶段: 13.60～13.08cal.kaB.P.,12.75～12.20cal.kaB.P.和 11.60～10.45cal.kaB.P.期间气候较温暖湿润;  13.08～12.75cal.kaB.P.和10.45～9.70cal.kaB.P.期间气候相对冷干;  而在12.2～11.6cal.kaB.P.期间,则表现相对冷湿。自11.6cal.kaB.P.之后,研究区进入全新世暖期,元素Ca,Fe,Mg,K,Na及Mn的含量和孢粉A/C比值变化曲线均表明在全新世初期气候波动频繁,并在11.3cal.kaB.P.和10.5cal.kaB.P.左右出现较强的冷波动。通过与其他研究区地质记录对比,指出研究区腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期气候环境变化尽管存在一定的区域特点,但基本格局与全球气候变化一致。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘车拐地区侏罗系成藏动力学模拟

准噶尔盆地西北缘车拐地区目前已经在侏罗系发现了多个油气藏,分析这些油气藏形成的过程及其主要控制因素具有重要意义。基于成藏动力学的三维模拟结果表明,侏罗系油气藏的油气来源主要是二叠系风城组和乌尔禾组烃源岩,油气运移路径主要表现为由沙湾凹陷向车排子凸起、中拐凸起方向。从充注时间看,侏罗系八道湾组始于早侏罗世(178Ma),齐古组始于早白垩世(120Ma),充注过程一直持续到古近纪末期;白垩纪中期的构造运动使车拐地区的地形向现今的"南低北高"发展,改造了已经形成的圈闭,使此前形成的油气藏重新分配,并向北部重新聚集,从而形成现今侏罗系的油气藏主要分布在车拐地区北部和车排子断裂带附近区域,而在车拐地区南部仅存在一些残余油气藏的格局。     

Uplift and denudation history at low-elevation passive margins: Insights from morphostratigraphic analysis in the SE Armorican Massif along the French Atlantic margin

Like other low-elevation passive margins, the French Atlantic margin is characterized by a gradual topographic transition from the coast to low-altitude interior plains or plateaus. Here we propose a morphostratigraphic analysis to constrain long-term landscape evolution and denudation rates, through the characterization of palaeotopographies and related palaeoweatherings in an area restricted to the southeast Armorican Massif. Two regional-scale palaeosurfaces are recognized: (i) the Infraliassic palaeosurface, the truncated weathering profiles of which are sealed by Liassic marine deposits; (ii) the Eocene palaeosurface, underlain by thick kaolinite- and iron-rich palaeosaprolites and by siliceous duricrusts (silcretes). Quantitative constraints on large-scale tectonic uplift and long-term denudation are obtained from these morphostratigraphic markers. Mean uplift and denudation rates calculated on post-Eocene times range between 0.5 and 2 m.Ma^-1. These low values imply high landscape stability of the inland margin over most of the Cenozoic.     

辽河东部凹陷驾掌寺—小龙湾地区沙三段上亚段沉积古地理及聚煤作用分析

利用钻探、测井及地震资料对辽河盆地东部凹陷驾掌寺—小龙湾地区沙河街组三段上亚段进行了沉积环境和聚煤作用分析,编制了各种单因素图件及古地理图,识别出冲积扇、三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲以及滨浅湖等古地理单元。分析认为,研究区物源来自东侧东部斜坡带和西侧中央凸起,并在区内沉积中心—驾掌寺—小龙湾凹陷处汇集,在适宜的气候、缓和的构造背景、适中的沉降幅度、较少的碎屑输入条件下,有一定水体深度的三角洲平原分流间湾沼泽区是成煤的有利地带,巨厚煤层分布于小龙湾地区的小14井、小5井以及小31井一带。     

桂中坳陷海相地层油气成藏与热作用改造

桂中坳陷是在加里东运动基础上形成的晚古生代海相大型沉积坳陷,已演化成为由上古生界和三叠系充填的残留盆地,其中泥盆系深埋地腹,是主要的勘探目的层系。桂中1井揭示泥盆系—石炭系具有两套生储盖组合,钻遇了气测异常、油迹砂岩、固体沥青等三类油气显示,其中泥盆系沥青显示井段累计709m。桂中坳陷古油藏(沥青)主要来源于中—下泥盆统塘丁组和罗富组泥岩。桂中1井和南丹大厂储层固体沥青为运移/成藏的油气发生热裂解而形成的焦沥青。桂中1井经历了两期油气充注,第一期为印支期前的主力生烃期,第二期(晚期)为燕山期—喜马拉雅期,以紧邻油气显示层的可溶烃类为代表。经历了三期油气改造:第一期为印支期前的油气藏经历了地层沉降增温的热裂解作用而演化为固体沥青和甲烷天然气,第二期为燕山晚期岩浆活动导致的更高温度的热蚀变作用,第三期为喜马拉雅期构造抬升的改造或破坏作用对上泥盆统油气藏的影响。晚期成藏的天然气应是下一步的勘探方向。桂中坳陷西部地层保存相对完整(目的层深埋),断裂和岩浆活动相对不发育,可能更有利于天然气的聚集和保存。     

包裹体测温技术在高邮凹陷北斜坡戴南组油气成藏期中的应用

为确定高邮凹陷北斜坡戴南组油藏的成藏期次,采用流体包裹体测温技术,对研究区3口井的流体包裹体特征和均一温度进行了分析。结果表明,该区戴南组储层流体包裹体分为盐水包裹体和有机包裹体;均一温度呈1期连续分布,主峰温在90～100℃。根据包裹体均一温度、地层埋藏史和热史,推测该区戴南组油气成藏时对应的地质年代约为垛二段沉积末期。结合圈闭发育史和烃源岩生排烃史等分析,最终确定研究区戴南组为1期成藏,时间为垛二段沉积末期。     

Quaternary tephra marker beds and their potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on Chatham Island,east of New Zealand,southwest Pacific Ocean

Tephras provide one of the most reliable methods of time control and synchronisation within Quaternary sequences. We report on the identification of two widespread rhyolitic tephras – the Kawakawa and Rangitawa tephras – preserved in extensive peat deposits on Chatham Island ～900 km east of New Zealand. The tephras, both products of supereruptions from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, occur as pale, fine‐ash dominated layers typically 10–150 mm thick. Mineralogically they are dominated by rhyolitic glass, together with subordinate amounts of quartz, feldspar, hypersthene, hornblende, Fe–Ti oxides and zircon. Phlogopite/biotite was identified additionally in Rangitawa Tephra. Ages for each tephra were obtained via mineralogical and major element glass composition‐based correlation with well‐dated equivalent deposits on mainland New Zealand, and we also obtained a new zircon fission‐track age for Rangitawa Tephra (350 ± 50 ka) on Chatham Island. Both tephras were erupted at critical times for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in the New Zealand region: the Kawakawa at ca. 27 cal. ka, near the beginning of the ‘extended’ LGM early in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2; and the Rangitawa at ca. 350 ka near the end of MIS 10. The time constraints provided by the tephras demonstrate that Chatham Island peats contain long‐distance pollen derived from mainland New Zealand, which provides a reliable proxy for identifying glacial–interglacial climate conditions, in this case during the MIS 11–10 and MIS 2–1 cycles. The two tephras thus provide important chronostratigraphic tie‐points that facilitate correlation and synchronisation not only across the Quaternary deposits of the Chatham Islands group but also with climatically significant terrestrial and marine records in the wider New Zealand region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fire and drought as drivers of early Holocene tree line changes in the Peruvian Andes

Three pollen and charcoal records from three lakes lying at 3400 m elevation in southern Peru provided a record of landscape change spanning the last ca.18 000 cal. a BP. The tree line lay close to the site between ca. 16 000 and 12 000 cal. a BP, with Polylepis woodlands growing near the lakes. Progressively drying conditions led to increased fire after 12 000 cal. a BP, coinciding with a decline in Polylepis cover and Andean forest relicts as puna grasslands expanded. A strong decrease in the rate of sediment deposition between ca. 12 000 and ca. 4400 cal. a BP was interpreted to indicate the presence of sedimentary hiatuses. With the return of wet conditions after 4400 cal. a BP, forests did not reassemble around the lakes. Instead, fire‐maintained grasslands dominated the landscape. Humans probably induced the intensified fire activity during the late Holocene and thereby deflected local successions. The modern fragmented landscape, with Polylepsis woodlands existing in fire‐resistant pockets above the general limit of the Andean tree line, resulted from the intensification of human land use practices during the last 4400 cal. a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.