用多角度遥感数据反演混合像元组分温度的可行性分析

利用多通道信息反演陆面温度的传统方法,由于通道间信息的高度相关使反演结果的精度难以提高,并且无法得到混合像元中的组分温度。文中以非同温混合像元热红外辐射方向性规律为基础,建立了连续植被类型非同温混合像元热红外辐射模型,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟分析了连续植被的组分有效比辐射率与变量的关系。结果表明:连续植被热辐射亮度值是组分温度T_v、T_s,叶面积指数LAI,叶倾角分布LAD,以及单叶面比辐射率ε_v(θ)和土壤表面比辐射率ε_v(θ)的函数。利用先验知识对变量进行分析后表明,6个变量中只有T_v、T_s、LAI、ε_v(0)需要反演。由于多角度间组分辐射亮度的相关性低,从理论上讲只需要4个角度的辐射亮度观测值就可以解出4个未知量而达到反演组分温度的目的。这4个角度数据除选择垂直方向上辐射亮度数据外,应在30°～50°视角范围内选择另外3个热辐射亮度数据。     

SSM/I资料反演大范围地表湿度试验

利用SSM/ I遥感数据, 结合2002年汛期“973”外场观测资料及T106资料, 借助微波辐射传输正演模型, 通过物理反演原理提取SSM/ I低频19 GHz通道像元平均地表微波比辐射率, 然后利用地表微波辐射模型, 估算SSM/ I像元的地表湿度信息。以2002年8月中旬发生在长江流域的暴雨天气过程为例, 将反演得到的地表湿度信息与地面观测到的降水信息进行对比分析, 并与地面的洪涝特征进行对比分析, 得到了与地面降水观测结果较为一致的对比结果。     

高分五号全谱段光谱成像仪地表温度与发射率反演

地表温度在全球能量平衡和气候变化研究中具有重要意义。中国新一代高分辨率卫星高分五号卫星(GF-5)搭载的全谱段成像光谱仪有4个40 m空间分辨率的热红外波段,可以提供高空间分辨率的地表温度信息。本文提出了适用于全谱段成像光谱仪的温度与发射率分离TES(Temperature and Emissivity Separation)算法同时反演地表温度和发射率,为了提高大气校正精度,算法加入了水汽缩放WVS(Water Vapor Scaling)大气校正方法。首先利用Seebor V5.0全球大气廓线库构建模拟数据对算法精度进行了评价;然后利用张掖地区11景ASTER影像作为替代数据和同步的地面实测数据对算法精度进行了验证。模拟数据结果表明加入WVS方法后TES算法反演地表温度的RMSE由2.59 K降低到1.54 K,4个波段地表发射率的RMSE分别从0.122、0.12、0.102和0.037降低到0.042、0.04、0.028和0.026;地表验证结果表明本文算法反演的地表温度与站点实测值具有更好的一致性,平均Bias由1.08 K降低到0.47 K,RMSE由2.17 K降低到1.7 K;反演的各波段地表发射率与地面实测结果误差均小于1%。因此,本文提出的温度与发射率分离算法具有较高精度,可以利用GF-5数据获取高精度高空间分辨率的地表温度和发射率数据,服务于其他相关研究。     

Aerosol polarized phase function and single-scattering albedo retrieved from ground-based measurements

Aerosol optical parameters, polarized phase function and single-scattering albdeo, have been retrieved from ground-based sun photometer measurements in Beijing 2003. The measured aerosol optical thickness varies from 0.12 to 0.77 with an average value of 0.39. The measured Ångström coefficient ranges from 0.75 to 1.47 with an average value of 1.21. The retrieved single-scattering albedo at 870 nm is within the 0.76–0.94 range and the average value is 0.85, suggests there are considerable aerosol absorptions in Beijing. The maximum value of retrieved polarized phase function at 870 nm ranges from 0.068 to 0.225 with an average value of 0.16, and it illustrates good correlations with the Ångström coefficient, i.e. the relative size of aerosol particles. Analyses of measurements and theoretical calculations show the polarized phase function is sensitive to aerosol size distribution and complex refractive index, especially the imaginary part of the refractive index which denotes aerosol light absorbing effects. These results suggest that the polarized phase function is an effective and unique aerosol optical parameter and is able to improve the retrieval of aerosol physical properties.     

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part I. Radiative Aspects

The structure of the radiatively dominated stable boundary layer is analysed using idealized calculations at high vertical and spectral resolution. The temperature profile of a nocturnal radiative boundary layer, developing after the evening transition, is found to be well described in terms of radiative cooling to the surface, although radiative exchanges within the atmosphere become increasingly important with time. The treatment of non-black surfaces is discussed in some detail and it is shown that the effect of reducing the surface emissivity is to decrease rather than to increase the radiative cooling rate in the surface layer. It is also argued that an accurate assessment of the impact of non-black surfaces requires careful attention to the spectral and directional characteristics of the surface emissivity. A polar nocturnal boundary layer, developing above snow-covered ground, is simulated and found to reach a slowly evolving state characterized by a strong radiative divergence near the surface that is comparable to observed values. Radiative boundary layers are characterized by large temperature gradients near the surface. An erratum to this article can be found at     

新疆沙漠地区地表宽波段比辐射率遥感估算

地表比辐射率是估算地表温度以及地表长波辐射的一个重要参数,为了解决遥感影像反演地表比辐射率在裸地的精度不足问题,本文在新疆沙漠地区利用2类数据：① 傅里叶变换热红外光谱仪（FTIR）数据,在2013年、2014年秋天沿2条穿越塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙漠公路测量得到25个点的地表比辐射率数据;② 与FTIR数据同时期的MODIS温度/比辐射率数据MOD11A1、MOD11B1和反射率数据MOD09GA以及反照率数据MCD3A3,利用这2类数据为数据源,估算新疆沙漠地表比辐射率。首先,重新估算了基于MODIS宽波段比辐射率（BroadBand Emissivity, BBE）方程的系数和基于GLASS（Global L And Surface Satellite）BBE方程的系数,由此获得了GLASS BBE和MODIS BBE的修正方程。其次,将修正前后的GLASS BBE与FTIR和MODIS BBE作对比,发现其精度显著提高：① 与FTIR数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE方程的决定系数R²值从0.42增加到0.95,均方根误差（RMSE）和偏差（Bias）分别减少了1和3个数量级;② 与MODIS BBE方程数据对比,修正前后的GLASS BBE的R²值从0.69增加到0.91,RMSE和Bias分别减少了1和2个数量级。因此,修正后的基于GLASS和MODIS的BBE方程,极大地提高了遥感影像对裸地尤其是沙漠地区地表比辐射率的反演精度。使用修正后的GLASS BBE方程反演出新疆3个沙漠地区的BBE分布特征。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠由于土地类型较为单一,其BBE值主要为0.88~0.92,而古尔班通古特沙漠以及库姆塔格沙漠受到地形、植被等的影响,BBE值稍微偏高,分别为0.89~0.95和0.89~0.94,沙漠周边稀疏植被区及其边缘地区的值范围为0.95~1.00。本文基于GLASS和MODIS的适用于新疆沙漠的BBE方程,为陆面过程的研究与模拟提供了支持。     

Retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) from landsat TM6 and TIRS data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using satellite and ground-based inputs

The present study proposes land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from satellite-based thermal IR data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using atmospheric correction parameters derived from satellite-based and in-situ data and land surface emissivity (LSE) derived by a hybrid LSE model. For example, atmospheric transmittance (τ) was derived from Terra MODIS spectral radiance in atmospheric window and absorption bands, whereas the atmospheric path radiance and sky radiance were estimated using satellite- and ground-based in-situ solar radiation, geographic location and observation conditions. The hybrid LSE model which is coupled with ground-based emissivity measurements is more versatile than the previous LSE models and yields improved emissivity values by knowledge-based approach. It uses NDVI-based and NDVI Threshold method (NDVI^THM) based algorithms and field-measured emissivity values. The model is applicable for dense vegetation cover, mixed vegetation cover, bare earth including coal mining related land surface classes. The study was conducted in a coalfield of India badly affected by coal fire for decades. In a coal fire affected coalfield, LST would provide precise temperature difference between thermally anomalous coal fire pixels and background pixels to facilitate coal fire detection and monitoring. The derived LST products of the present study were compared with radiant temperature images across some of the prominent coal fire locations in the study area by graphical means and by some standard mathematical dispersion coefficients such as coefficient of variation, coefficient of quartile deviation, coefficient of quartile deviation for 3rd quartile vs. maximum temperature, coefficient of mean deviation (about median) indicating significant increase in the temperature difference among the pixels. The average temperature slope between adjacent pixels, which increases the potential of coal fire pixel detection from background pixels, is significantly larger in the derived LST products than the corresponding radiant temperature images.     

基于ASTER GED产品的地表发射率估算

地表发射率是地表温度反演的重要输入参数,为了解决现有地表发射率估算方法在裸露地表精度较差的问题,本文基于最新的ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)和基于植被覆盖度的方法(VCM),提出了一个改进的地表发射率估算方法。首先,利用ASTER GED产品求解裸土发射率,然后,利用ASTER波谱库中的植被发射率和植被覆盖度结合VCM方法计算地表发射率。利用张掖地区2012年11景ASTER TES算法反演的地表发射率产品和实测地表发射率数据进行了验证,同时利用一景Landsat 8 TIRS数据分析了对地表温度反演精度的影响。结果表明该方法估算的地表发射率整体精度较高,可以有效改进裸露地表的发射率估算精度,用于支持利用多种热红外传感器数据生产高精度的地表温度产品。     

光滑叶片的偏振高光谱特性及与叶绿素含量的关系

为探讨偏振光遥感快速估算植物叶绿素含量并用于农业气象自动化观测,根据植物叶绿素颗粒可产生偏振光响应的物理特性,应用SPAD-502叶绿素仪和加偏振镜的FieldSpec~?3 Hi-Res便携式高光谱仪,在多角度观测平台上测量和研究了表面光滑的桑树、红叶石楠、茶花3种代表性叶片的偏振高光谱特性与叶绿素含量的关系。结果表明:对于光滑叶片而言,550 nm附近的绿峰强度随着叶绿素含量的增加缓慢降低,即偏振高光谱与叶绿素含量呈非线性关系;绿峰波段的偏振度(DOP)与叶绿素含量的关系最好,其次为偏振反射,再次为最高反射和总反射,最低反射的关系最不明显。该研究对进一步开展偏振光遥感评价作物生长状况、灾害及估产具有重要意义。     

两种高光谱热红外数据大气校正方法的分析与比较

利用模拟数据对Autonomous Atmospheric Compensation(AAC)和In-scene Atmospheric Compensation(ISAC)这两种高光谱热红外数据大气校正方法进行了对比和分析。结果显示,在满足方法适用条件情况下,AAC方法大气校正精度较高,除湿热的热带大气外,大气透过率的反演误差小于0.02,大气上行辐射的误差小于0.004W.m-2.sr-1.cm;而ISAC方法精度较低,透过率误差在0.05至0.3之间,上行辐射误差在0.003W.m-2.sr-1.cm至0.035W.m-2.sr-1.cm之间变化,误差随大气水汽含量增加而增加。大气非均一性对大气校正精度影响分析表明,AAC方法大气校正精度受大气非均一性影响显著。因此,需从高光谱数据光谱信息出发,发展针对低空间分辨率高光谱热红外数据的大气校正方法,以克服现有方法大气水平均一假设的不足。