基于TCK损伤本构的岩石爆破效应数值模拟

脆性岩石在爆破载荷下的动态破碎行为是工程技术人员所关心的,采用数值法预估岩体破裂范围和损伤大小对施工安全具有重大意义,其中合理的岩石损伤模型是关键。假设岩体破坏近似服从Mises屈服准则,且考虑到岩体的应变硬化特性,把Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul（TCK）模型中的拉裂损伤演化方程和材料双线性、弹塑性本构耦合到一起,并简洁地嵌入到有限元分析软件LS-DYNA中,通过半无限岩体中柱形药包爆破实例验证了其合理性与准确性。对球形药包爆破问题也进行了数值分析。该损伤模型及其数值模拟在工程中具有一定的参考价值。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气勘探开发历程与启示

【目的】沁水盆地郑庄北中深部煤层气早期采用压裂直井开发,整体表现为低产低效。采用单支套管压裂水平井开发后,单井产量达到直井的10~50倍,目前已成为主体开发井型,但各井产量差异较大。为明确郑庄北中深部煤层气分段压裂水平井产能影响因素,改善开发效果。【方法】基于郑庄北部水平井开发实践,结合地质特征与工程参数,分析了中深部煤层气水平井产能的主控因素,并针对性提出实现中深部水平井高效开发的建议。【结果和结论】结果表明: 单支套管压裂水平井产能受地质和工程因素综合影响。地质条件下,中深部储层含气饱和度明显高于浅部储层,整体资源富集;高产井主要分布在构造曲率较小的平缓区域内;原生煤层射孔段数与水平井产气效果呈正相关关系;研究区水平主应力差介于8~16 MPa,且随埋深增加而增大,无法形成复杂缝网是导致前期产气效果差的原因。工程条件上,当井眼轨迹方位与最大水平主应力方位夹角为60°~90°时产气效果最好,井平均稳产气量可达到9 700 m³/d;水平段越长,煤层稳产气量越高;采用泵送桥塞射孔压裂方式的水平井产气效果明显优于油管压裂方式,稳产气量随压裂规模增加而显著提高,压裂参数中施工排量对改造效果的控制作用显著,当排量<7 m³/min时,水平井稳产气量整体小于2 000 m³/d;当排量增大到8~10 m³/min时,稳产气量逐渐增高;当排量保持在10~12 m³/min,稳产气量持续稳定在10 000~12 000 m³/d;当排量提高到16~18 m³/min时,稳产气量突破18 000 m³/d。最后,优选含气性、构造曲率、煤体结构、地应力等地质参数与水平段长度、压裂段数、单段压裂液量、单段压裂砂量、施工排量、砂比等工程参数,通过灰色关联法分析了中深部水平井产能主控因素。结果表明煤体结构和压裂规模是影响水平井产能的主要因素。提高原生煤层钻遇率与选点效率以及进一步提升施工排量及压裂规模是实现研究区中深部煤层压裂水平井更高产能的主要途径。

     

雪峰山深孔水压致裂地应力测量及其意义

利用最新研制的深孔水压致裂地应力测量设备在雪峰山2000 m科钻先导孔内开展了原地应力测量,在孔深170~2021 m范围内获得了16个测段的有效地应力测量数据,是国内首次利用水压致裂法获得的孔深超过2000 m深度的原地应力测量成果。测量结果表明,地应力随孔深增加而逐渐加大,对实测数据进行线性回归,得到最大和最小水平主应力随深度变化的关系分别为:S_H=0.03328H+5.25408,S_h=0.0203H+4.5662,在孔深2021 m深度,其实测值分别为66.31 MPa和43.33 MPa。基于实测数据,结合钻孔成像测试和井温测试结果,对测点应力状态进行了综合分析。在170~800 m深度范围,三向主应力关系为S_H > S_h > S_v,有利于逆断层活动;孔深1000~2021 m表现为S_H > S_v > S_h,表明该区域深部应力结构属于走滑型。最大水平主应力方向为北西-北西西方向。基于实测地应力数据及莫尔-库伦破裂准则,对测区附近断层活动性进行了分析讨论,认为该区域断层处于稳定状态。      

Fracture Toughness Evaluation Based on Tension-softening Model and its Application to Hydraulic Fracturing

This paper discusses the applicability of the tension-softening model in the determination of the fracture toughness of rocks, where the fracture toughness evaluated based on the tension-softening model is compared with the crack growth resistance deduced from laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests. It is generally accepted that the fracture process is dominated by the growth of a fracture process zone for most types of rocks. In this study, the J-integral based technique is employed to determine the fracture toughness of Iidate granite on the basis of the tension-softening model, where compact tension specimens of different dimensions were tested in order to examine the specimen size effect on the measured fracture toughness. It was shown that the tension-softening relation deduced from the J-integral based technique allowed us to determine the specimen size independent fracture toughness K_c of Iidate granite. Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests were performed on cubic specimens (up to a 10 m sized specimen), where cyclic pressurization was conducted using a rubber-made straddle packer to observe the extent of the hydraulically induced crack. The experimental results of pressure and crack length were then used to construct the crack growth resistance curve based on the stress intensity factor K. The crack growth resistance obtained from the hydraulic fracturing tests was observed to initially increase and then level off, giving a constant K value for a long crack extension stage. The plateau K value in the crack growth resistance curve was found to be in reasonable agreement with the fracture toughness K_c deduced from the tension-softening relation. It was demonstrated that the tension-softening model provides a useful tool to determine the appropriate fracture toughness of rocks, which may be applicable for the analysis of the process of large-scale crack extension in rock masses.     

断裂活动对金矿形成的作用机理

文章从断裂活动和热液流体迁移的热动力学角度阐述了金矿热液形成、迁移和富集沉淀的物理化学机理,得出了断裂活动不仅为金矿形成提供了储矿空间,更主要的是为金矿热液形成提供了活化热能和大量流体,为其迁移提供了动能,为其沉淀富集提供了有利的、多期多阶段的物理化学条件.     

重大工程建设中的地应力测量及其在设计中的应用

水压致裂技术现已发展成为确定地下洞室三维原地应力状态、高压洞室围岩的自身承载能力以及岩体高压透水性的可靠实用方法,并已经在核废料处置、长大深埋交通隧道以及水电站高压力洞室工程中得到广泛应用。实践表明,综合测定岩体的物理力学参数,充分利用围岩承载力优化工程设计,对确保工程安全和提高设计水平具有重要意义。     

Spatial distribution of unconventional gas wells and human populations in the Marcellus Shale in the United States: Vulnerability analysis

Modern forms of drilling and extraction have recently led to a boom in oil and gas production in the U.S. and stimulated a controversy around its economic benefits and environmental and human health impacts. Using an environmental justice paradigm this study applies Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial analysis to determine whether certain vulnerable human populations are unequally exposed to pollution from unconventional gas wells in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. Several GIS-based approaches were used to identify exposed areas, and a t-test was used to find statistically significant differences between rural populations living close to wells and rural populations living farther away. Sociodemographic indicators include age (children and the elderly), poverty level, education level, and race at the census tract level. Local Indicators of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) technique was applied to find spatial clusters where both high well density and high proportions of vulnerable populations occur. The results demonstrate that the environmental injustice occurs in areas with unconventional wells in Pennsylvania with respect to the poor population. There are also localized clusters of vulnerable populations in exposed areas in all three states: Pennsylvania (for poverty and elderly population), West Virginia (for poverty, elderly population, and education level) and Ohio (for children).     

Numerical modeling of hydraulic fracture propagation,closure and reopening using XFEM with application to in‐situ stress estimation

In this paper, a fully coupled model is developed for numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in partially saturated weak porous formations using the extended finite element method, which provides an effective means to simulate the coupled hydro‐mechanical processes occurring during hydraulic fracturing. The developed model is for short fractures where plane strain assumptions are valid. The propagation of the hydraulic fracture is governed by the cohesive crack model, which accounts for crack closure and reopening. The developed model allows for fluid flow within the open part of the crack and crack face contact resulting from fracture closure. To prevent the unphysical crack face interpenetration during the closing mode, the crack face contact or self‐contact condition is enforced using the penalty method. Along the open part of the crack, the leakage flux through the crack faces is obtained directly as a part of the solution without introducing any simplifying assumption. If the crack undergoes the closing mode, zero leakage flux condition is imposed along the contact zone. An application of the developed model is shown in numerical modeling of pump‐in/shut‐in test. It is illustrated that the developed model is able to capture the salient features bottomhole pressure/time records exhibit and can extract the confining stress perpendicular to the direction of the hydraulic fracture propagation from the fracture closure pressure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贵州官寨井田煤层气直井压裂工艺分析

以贵州官寨井田GZ-01井为例,针对地质条件复杂、煤层破碎松软、透气性较差以及煤层单层厚度薄且层数多的特点,分别从目标层(段)、射孔、压裂液配方、支撑剂、压裂方式与规模等方面探讨了适合该井田地质与储层条件的煤层气压裂工艺。结果表明,贵州官寨井田煤层膨胀性较低,加入1.0%的KCl可抑制煤层膨胀;采用高砂比、大液量、中排量的压裂规模进行分段多层压裂。     

用微地震技术评价姬塬油田体积压裂的效果

微地震监测技术是对低渗透储层压裂效果评价和指导油藏精细注水开发的重要手段.通过观测、分析由压裂产生的微小地震事件,能够获取压裂裂缝的位置、大小、导流能力、几何形态及局部裂缝分布规律等诸多信息.姬塬油田王盘山长8油藏具有低孔、低渗、低压特征,常规压裂生产一段时间后减产很快;近年来开展了混合水体积压裂并实施了微地震监测.芦58-54井监测混合水体积压裂结果显示:产生的缝长达到315.97m,缝宽104m,缝高约58 m,影响体积约244.8万m3,方位北偏东19.5°;压裂使储层裂缝开启,泄油半径增大,单井产油量增加,效果非常明显.为该油藏进一步精细开发打下了坚实基础.