Influence of Heterogeneity of Mechanical Properties on Hydraulic Fracturing in Permeable Rocks

Summary Numerical simulations of circular holes under internal hydraulic pressure are carried out to investigate the hydraulic fracture initiation, propagation and breakdown behavior in rocks. The hydraulic pressure increases at a constant rate. The heterogeneity of the rocks is taken into account in the study by varying the homogeneity index. In addition, the permeability is varied with the states of stress and fracture. The simulations are conducted by using a finite element code, F-RFPA^2D, which couples the flow, stress and damage analyses. The simulation results suggest that the fracture initiation and propagation, the roughness of the fracture path and the breakdown pressure are influenced considerably by the heterogeneity of rocks. The hole diameter elongation and the stress field evolution around the fracture tip during the fracture propagation can also provide useful information for the interpretation of the hydraulic fracturing behaviour.     

中国煤层气勘探开发技术研究进展

我国煤层气勘探开发工作走过了十多年的探索历程,大致可以分为三个阶段：技术引进阶段、勘探评价阶段、开发试验及探索研究阶段。目前,制约煤层气商业开发的瓶颈技术问题在于寻找煤层气富集高渗区、提高煤层气产能的开发工艺技术。本文将着重介绍我国在煤层气勘探开发技术方面的研究进展,主要包括煤层气资源评价和区块优选评价技术、钻井技术、完井工艺技术、压裂工艺技术、注CO2增产技术、煤层气地球物理探测技术、煤层气井抽放技术、煤层气生产和评价技术等等。同时,提出了今后我国煤层气勘探开发技术存在的问题和发展趋势。     

"接触问题"引起的隧道病害分析

衬砌裂损是隧道病害中常见的问题，也是严重威胁结构安全的一个重要因素。除了温度变化、水害、衬砌本身的强度和厚度不足以及混凝土耐久性降低外，隧道围岩压力变化是衬砌产生裂损直至破坏的主要原因。文章针对铁路运营隧道病害的检测结果，对衬砌背后空洞进行平面弹塑性计算分析，得出不同位置、不同大小的空洞以及空洞群对结构各截面安全系数影响的系统认识，明确提出衬砌结构与围岩结合的不紧密性是恶化衬砌受力条件、造成围岩进一步松动、进而造成衬砌裂损的一个重要原因。文章还对直墙式及曲墙武衬砌所受到的不同影响进行了比较分析。认为曲墙武衬砌拱部结构能较好地将内力传递给边墙，由边墙部分承受较大的水平抗力，优化了整体结构的受力，从而降低背后空洞对衬砌结构的影响。通过对计算结果的系统分析和研究，合理解释了实际检测中的问题。     

断裂活动对金矿形成的作用机理

文章从断裂活动和热液流体迁移的热动力学角度阐述了金矿热液形成、迁移和富集沉淀的物理化学机理,得出了断裂活动不仅为金矿形成提供了储矿空间,更主要的是为金矿热液形成提供了活化热能和大量流体,为其迁移提供了动能,为其沉淀富集提供了有利的、多期多阶段的物理化学条件.     

多面聚能射孔压裂排放瓦斯的研究

复合射孔技术能有效地控制射孔方向和压裂缝的扩展。对其作用机理进行了初步的分析研究 ,并对相关参数进行了理论计算。针对煤层的特性 ,将该技术用于煤层致裂 ,经过现场应用 ,效果良好。该技术在煤层致裂爆破中的发展方向较多 ,有良好的应用前景     

Fracture Toughness Evaluation Based on Tension-softening Model and its Application to Hydraulic Fracturing

This paper discusses the applicability of the tension-softening model in the determination of the fracture toughness of rocks, where the fracture toughness evaluated based on the tension-softening model is compared with the crack growth resistance deduced from laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests. It is generally accepted that the fracture process is dominated by the growth of a fracture process zone for most types of rocks. In this study, the J-integral based technique is employed to determine the fracture toughness of Iidate granite on the basis of the tension-softening model, where compact tension specimens of different dimensions were tested in order to examine the specimen size effect on the measured fracture toughness. It was shown that the tension-softening relation deduced from the J-integral based technique allowed us to determine the specimen size independent fracture toughness K_c of Iidate granite. Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing tests were performed on cubic specimens (up to a 10 m sized specimen), where cyclic pressurization was conducted using a rubber-made straddle packer to observe the extent of the hydraulically induced crack. The experimental results of pressure and crack length were then used to construct the crack growth resistance curve based on the stress intensity factor K. The crack growth resistance obtained from the hydraulic fracturing tests was observed to initially increase and then level off, giving a constant K value for a long crack extension stage. The plateau K value in the crack growth resistance curve was found to be in reasonable agreement with the fracture toughness K_c deduced from the tension-softening relation. It was demonstrated that the tension-softening model provides a useful tool to determine the appropriate fracture toughness of rocks, which may be applicable for the analysis of the process of large-scale crack extension in rock masses.     

冀东长城式金矿赋金角砾状岩石成因初探

冀东地区新发现一批产在中元古代碳酸盐岩层中的金矿床（点）,文中对该类矿床的容矿围岩特征及其成因、产出的区域构造背景进行了讨论,提出容矿角砾岩是液压致裂角砾岩,是一种矿控构造岩。     

贯通式潜孔锤气力喷反钻具系统

介绍了贯通式潜孔锤气力喷反钻具系统的工作原理、结构设计、钻具特点及测试和生产试验情况。     

地下洞室围岩应力的测量研究

介绍了在地下洞室不同方向的钻孔中，采用水力劈裂技术进行的原位地应力测量。结合广西全州天湖水电站，广州抽水蓄能电站和广西龙滩水电站的实测结果，分析研究了地下洞室围岩应力的分布状态及影响围岩应力分布的主要因素。