考虑裂缝干扰的气藏压裂水平井产能预测模型

基于压裂水平井井身结构复杂,需要建立考虑裂缝参数变化且符合水平井渗流特征的产能预测模型.为准确预测压裂水平井产能,通过保角变换和势的叠加原理,建立新模型,不仅考虑裂缝长度、裂缝间距、裂缝夹角的变化对压裂水平井产能的影响,还考虑裂缝间的相互干扰.结果表明:压裂水平井产能随着裂缝条数、长度和裂缝夹角的增加而增大.模型通过现场验证,计算单井无阻流量与试采结果对比,相对误差为8.3%,计算结果较为准确.     

Frostquakes in New England

Frostquakes are generated by tensional fracturing of the ground due to relatively rapid freezing. They are often accompanied by explosive noise and may reach Intensity V effects, yet they are only felt in neighborhoods and are not recorded on seismic networks. Frostquakes may crack macadam, concrete slabs, shallow soil pipe and some foundation materials along the line of the fracture. They occur in the early hours of the morning in mid-winter during major cold snaps. The ones investigated occurred in glacial sand and silt and none were found on till or bedrock. The recognition of frostquakes is important in correcting the records for fault-caused earthquakes. Frostquakes in the historic record complicate the difficulty of predicting large earthquakes from small ones.     

全国煤层气资源动态评价与可利用性分析

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁−吉县区块深部煤层气勘探开发取得突破对煤层气产业带来重大影响,引起业内广泛关注和跟进。前期一些学者对深部煤层气勘探开发理论技术难点与对策开展了研究,但缺乏对典型气田开发先导试验系统总结。通过深入剖析深部煤层气地质特征与效益开发难点,总结大宁−吉县区块开发先导试验项目取得的进展和成效,明确开发规律并提出效益开发对策。结果表明：(1) 深部煤层具有广覆式发育、含气性好、游离气含量高、保存条件好、煤体结构好、脆性指数高、顶底板封盖性强等地质特征,但微构造发育、渗透性极差、矿化度高等因素制约了深部煤层气效益开发;(2) 不同地质条件下气井生产特征差异较大,通过先导试验落实气井产能和适应性开发技术对策,采用滚动开发模式可有效降低煤层强非均质性带来的开发风险;(3) 开展地质−工程一体化井网优化设计,构建井网与缝网高度弥合的人造气藏,可实现资源动用和采收率最大化;(4) “长水平段+多段多簇+大砂量”的大规模、大排量极限体积压裂技术可增大有效改造体积和井控储量,大幅提高单井产量;(5) 深部煤层气井具有“见气时间短、上产速度快、初期产量高、递减快”的生产特征,可实现短期快速规模上产,但气田长期稳产需持续新井投入;(6) 前期开发成本偏高,实现效益开发需不断提高工程作业效率、降低开发成本。综合认为,深部煤层气资源品质好,可动用性强,具备快速推广复制条件,大宁−吉县区块深部煤层气开发实践可为国内其他区块深部煤层气规模动用提供技术借鉴,对加快深部煤层气规模勘探开发具有重要意义。

     

增强型地热系统压裂和开采方案研究

增强型地热系统(Enhanced Geothermal System, EGS)是一种通过介质循环(水或CO2)来提取深部低渗、高温岩体中地热资源并将其用来发电及供暖的工程技术集成。水力压裂是EGS储层改造的主要方式, 储层改造的好坏直接关系到EGS最终的产能状况, 因此针对具体地质条件选择合适的水力压裂方案具有重要意义。本文基于大庆莺深2井的测井资料, 根据其地应力及岩性变化情况选定EGS开采潜力储层, 采用水平井及张开型压裂的储层改造方式, 对潜力储层进行了多种压裂方案数值模拟分析, 根据压裂模拟结果建立三维水热耦合模型, 进行了EGS发电潜力评估分析, 最终得出莺深2井EGS开采的最优压裂方案和开采方案。研究结果得出:水力裂缝的几何性质主要受地应力、支撑剂粒径和砂比影响, 在EGS中宜采用低砂比、阶梯式的泵注程序。同时, 在采用一注两抽的三水平井开采模式下, 10条裂缝的最优注入速率是30kg,s-1, 运行20a的发电量是0.60～1.23MW。     

Geomorphology of coal seam fires

Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features.     

煤层气井压裂曲线和储层污染程度的响应关系

为了研究压裂曲线与储层污染程度的响应关系,以沁水盆地柿庄区块为例,在区块内选取储层敏感性强弱不同的井,通过比较各井压裂施工曲线中油压曲线到达破裂压力后下降行迹特征的差异,总结出油压曲线下降行迹与储层敏感性的响应规律。然后在同一区块内根据油压曲线下降行迹判定几口井的储层敏感性,根据储层渗透率损害比模型计算出几口井开发煤层段的储层渗透率损害比。结果发现,预测出的储层敏感性强井具有较高的储层渗透率损害比,储层受到严重污染;储层敏感性弱井储层受到轻度污染。研究表明油压曲线到达破裂压力点后的下降行迹能够反映储层污染程度,可以为后期工程开发提供依据。     

东营凹陷低渗透油藏分布规律及储层改造效果

东营凹陷2001年之前探明的低渗透油藏主要分布在洼陷带、中央背斜带及北部陡坡带,以沙三段深水浊积扇及沙四段滨浅湖相砂岩滩坝、扇三角洲前缘等沉积体系为主。油藏类型主要是岩性油藏,其次为构造—岩性复合型油藏。低渗透油藏以中深层、常压-超高压、低产、中产为特征,多为特小型、小型油藏,储量丰度为低丰度~特低丰度。低渗透油藏的探井试油过程中,经历了从酸化逐步到压裂的技术发展过程。统计探井的试油效果表明,沙四段碳酸盐含量较高的砂岩低渗透油藏,酸化效果较好;黏土含量较高的沙三段低渗透油藏,压裂效果较好。     

高压气藏不动管柱分层压裂工艺研究与应用

川西低渗高压气藏具有多层系的特点,层间距离一般在十至百米左右。为了提高气井产量与开采经济效益,鉴于气井加砂压裂后压井会严重伤害储层,影响压裂效果,采用压裂管柱直接作为生产管柱,研究形成了以FCY211及Y241封隔器不同组合的两层不动管柱分层压裂工艺。同时,在成熟的两层分压工艺基础上,结合投球选压工艺,研究形成了以“工具分层＋投球选压”不动管柱三层分层的压裂工艺。现场应用实践表明,分层压裂极大地增加了单井的产能,取得了明显经济效益,对类似气藏的多层压裂与开采提供了有益参考。     

高砂比压裂技术在吐哈油田的应用研究

根据吐哈油田的特点,就高砂比压裂技术在吐哈油田的应用,在压裂液优化、支撑剂选择、施工工艺等方面进行了研究,优选出了适合该地区的压裂液和支撑剂,优化了压裂施工工艺,最终通过实践总结出了一套适合吐哈油田的高砂比压裂工艺,经过推广试验证明,效果明显。     

“Basin scale” versus “localized” pore pressure/stress coupling - Implications for trap integrity evaluation

In petroleum industry, the difference between pore pressure (P_p) and minimum horizontal stress S_h (termed the seal or retention capacity) is of major consideration because it is often assumed to represent how close a system is to hydraulic failure and thus the maximum hydrocarbon column height that can be maintained. While S_h and P_p are often considered to be independent parameters, several studies in the last decade have demonstrated that S_h and P_p are in fact coupled. However, the nature of this coupling relationship remains poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the influences of the spatial pore pressure distribution on S_h/P_p coupling and then on failure pressure predictions and trap integrity evaluation. With analytical models, we predict the fluid pressure sustainable within a reservoir before failure of its overpressured shale cover. We verify our analytical predictions with experiments involving analogue materials and fluids. We show that hydraulic fracturing and seal breach occur for fluid pressure greater than it would be expected from conventional retention capacity. This can be explained by the impact of the fluid overpressure field in the overburden and the pressure diffusion around the reservoir on the principal stresses. We calculate that supralithostatic pressure could locally be reached in overpressured covers. We also define the retention capacity of a cover (RC) surrounding a fluid source or reservoir as the difference between the failure pressure and the fluid overpressure prevailing in shale at the same depth. In response to a localized fluid pressure rise, we show that the retention capacity does not only depend on the pore fluid overpressure of the overburden but also on the tensile strength of the cover, its Poisson’s ratio, and the depth and width of the fluid source.