孔店油田馆陶组辫状河储层构型及剩余油分布规律

孔店油田新近系馆陶组是该油田的重要储层,发育河流相沉积。其河流相砂体展布特征及连通关系复杂,导致注水开发过程中存在复杂的油水关系,进而控制剩余油的形成和分布。本文从储层构型的角度,综合应用测井、岩心等资料,确定了研究区馆三段沉积类型并建立了沉积模式;然后对储层构型进行精细刻画,对构型控制下的剩余油分布特征进行分析,总结了研究区剩余油的分布规律。研究认为：孔店油田馆三段为辫状河沉积体系,发育辫状河道、心滩、堤岸等主要构型要素。心滩是辫状河体系中最重要的油气富集单元,注水开发会影响并改变心滩内部剩余油分布形式;其内部发育泥质、钙质和物性3种类型的落淤层,平面上心滩可分为滩头、滩主体、滩尾和滩翼4个部分。其中：滩头落淤层保存较差;滩主体落淤层发育较好呈近水平产状;滩尾落淤层保存较好呈低角度倾斜状;滩翼落淤层受坡度影响,坡度较小则落淤层易被水流冲刷保存较差,坡度较大则底部落淤层保存较差但中上部落淤层可完整保存。解剖区心滩分析认为剩余油主要集中在落淤层发育较差滩左翼中部和落淤层遮挡作用明显的滩尾部。     

Deepwater Turbidite Lobe Deposits: A Review of the Research Frontiers

Deepwater/deep-marine turbidite lobes are the most distal part of a siliciclastic depositional system and hold the largest sediment accumulation on the seafloor. As many giant hydrocarbon provinces have been discovered within deepwater lobe deposits, they represent one of the most promising exploration targets for hydrocarbon industry. Deepwater exploration is characterized by high cost, high risk but insufficient data because of the deep/ultra–deepwater depth. A thorough understanding of the deepwater turbidite lobe architecture, hierarchy, stacking pattern and internal facies distribution is thus vital. Recently, detailed outcrop characterizations and high–resolution seismic studies have both revealed that the deepwater lobe deposits are characterized into four–fold hierarchical arrangements from "beds", to "lobe elements", to "lobes" and to "lobe complex". Quantitative compilations have shown that hierarchical components of lobe deposits have similar length to width ratios but different width to thickness ratios depending on different turbidite systems. At all hierarchical scales, sand–prone hierarchical lobe units are always separated by mud–prone bounding units except when the bounding units are eroded by their overlying lobe units thus giving rise to vertical amalgamation and connectivity. Amalgamations often occur at more proximal regions suggesting high flow energy. A mixed flow behavior may occur towards more distal regions, resulting in deposition of "hybrid event beds". These synthesized findings could(1) help understand the lobe reservoir distribution and compartmentalization therefore benefit the exploration and development of turbidite lobes within the deep marine basins(e.g. South China Sea) and(2) provide rules and quantitative constraints on reservoir modeling. In addition, the findings associated with deepwater turbidite lobes might be a good starting point to understand the sedimentology, architecture and hierarchy of turbidites in deep lacustrine environment.     

The Loppio Oolitic Limestone (Early Jurassic,Southern Alps): A prograding oolitic body with high original porosity originated by a carbonate platform crisis and recovery

The Loppio Oolitic Limestone is a lithostratigraphic unit of the Early Jurassic Trento Platform in the Southern Alps, Northern Italy, which deposited over an area of ca. 3500 km². It appears as a roughly tabular or wedge-shaped sedimentary body with thickness gradually increasing from 0 to ca. 100 m toward the western platform margin. We investigated the sedimentology, petrography and bulk carbonate carbon isotope geochemistry of the Loppio Oolitic Limestone in order to shed light on its depositional setting and origin. The Loppio Oolitic Limestone is made almost exclusively of oolitic grainstone, and can be subdivided in two parts. In the lower part, ooids are poorly sorted and sedimentary structures are scarce or absent. In the upper part, sorting becomes good and sedimentary structures are common. The vertical succession of sedimentary structures and the upward increase in sorting suggest a shallowing upward trend within the oolite. A reddened surface, meteoric cements and dinosaur footprints occur at the top of the unit, testifying for a subaerial exposure which is also confirmed by carbon and oxygen stable isotopic data. In terms of sequence stratigraphy, the Loppio Oolitic Limestone represents a Highstand Systems Tract, bounded at the top by a subaerial exposure surface. Bulk carbonate stable carbon isotope curves across the Loppio Oolitic Limestone from 7 stratigraphic sections could be correlated over distances of tens of km on the whole Trento Platform. This correlation suggests that the deposition of ooids was nearly synchronous across the platform. A negative excursion of carbon isotopes with magnitude of ca. 1‰ VPDB was identified within a lime mudstone unit (“Nodular lithozone” of the Monte Zugna Formation) immediately below the Loppio Oolitic Limestone, which can be correlated to a global perturbation of the carbon cycle in the mid-Sinemurian. The flooding of a wide area of formerly peritidal carbonate platform below the wave base was interpreted as due to an ecological crisis that caused a drop of carbonate production. We suggest that the subsequent recovery of carbonate production is marked by the shallowing upward succession of the Loppio Oolitic Limestone, which quickly occupied the accommodation space formed in consequence of the crisis, thus preventing the platform drowning. The Loppio Oolitic Limestone deposited as an initially highly porous oolitic sand that was then topped by a clayey interval (base of the Rotzo Formation), giving origin to a structural and stratigraphic configuration that could be favourable for the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface. The recurrence of similar facies superpositions, formed in consequence of perturbations of the carbon cycle with documented climatic effects, is discussed with regard to the Tethysian record of Mesozoic carbonate platforms.     

基于水平湿拖的TLP平台张力腿现场扶正数值模拟

TLP平台张力腿安装方法有竖直安装和水平安装。以一TLP平台张力腿为例,基于张力腿水平湿拖安装方法,采用OrcaFlex软件建立扶正分析模型,数值模拟了张力腿现场扶正过程,研究分析了张力腿在不同海洋环境和吊机缆绳释放速度等参数下的动力响应,并在此基础上进行了集束扶正分析,根据安装接受标准确定了合适的扶正作业天气窗口。模拟分析结果表明:在扶正过程中,浪向/流向、波高、流速对张力腿应力影响显著;吊机缆绳张力对浪向/流向、流速敏感;吊机缆绳释放速度对张力腿应力和吊机缆绳张力影响微弱。     

一种新型干树式半潜平台设计

开发了一种新型的深吃水干树式半潜生产平台(TCDD-Semi),该平台可用于中国南海深水区域的油气田开发。它的一个显著特点是立柱的截面形状呈现为渐变形式,而非传统的等截面形式。立柱的底部最大,向上逐渐变小,再结合适当的下浮体设计,能够为平台在服役前期及在位状态时提供足够的浮力以及稳性。最重要的是这种新型立柱的设计能够明显地减小平台在恶劣海况时的垂向运动,从而使在平台上布置具有干式采油树的TTR立管系统成为可能。此外,这种渐变式的立柱设计也有利于减弱平台在流作用下的涡激诱导运动(VIM)。分析结果表明这种渐变式立柱半潜平台可以明显降低平台的垂向运动,也可以在码头组装时提供足够的浮力以及在平台下沉过程中提供足够的稳性。平台优越的垂向运动性能可以使顶部张紧式立管的行程范围限制在10.5 m之内(包括平台偏移、垂荡运动、潮汐影响、海床沉降、热膨胀等因素)。分析结果表明平台的垂荡范围、水平偏移、倾侧角度、上部模块重心处的加速度等可以满足设计要求,证明了这种新型干树式半潜平台的可行性。     

Impact Analysis of Air Gap Motion with Respect to Parameters of Mooring System for Floating Platform

In this paper, the impact analysis of air gap concerning the parameters of mooring system for the semi-submersible platform is conducted. It is challenging to simulate the wave, current and wind loads of a platform based on a model test simultaneously. Furthermore, the dynamic equivalence between the truncated and full-depth mooring system is still a tuff work. However, the wind and current loads can be tested accurately in wind tunnel model. Furthermore, the wave can be simulated accurately in wave tank test. The full-scale mooring system and the all environment loads can be simulated accurately by using the numerical model based on the model tests simultaneously. In this paper, the air gap response of a floating platform is calculated based on the results of tunnel test and wave tank. Meanwhile, full-scale mooring system, the wind, wave and current load can be considered simultaneously. In addition, a numerical model of the platform is tuned and validated by ANSYS AQWA according to the model test results. With the support of the tuned numerical model, seventeen simulation cases about the presented platform are considered to study the wave, wind, and current loads simultaneously. Then, the impact analysis studies of air gap motion regarding the length, elasticity, and type of the mooring line are performed in the time domain under the beam wave, head wave, and oblique wave conditions.     

Internal Resonances for Heave, Roll and Pitch Modes of A Spar Platform Considering Wave and Vortex-Induced Loads in the Main Roll Resonance

We present a study of the nonlinear coupling internal resonance for the heave roll and pitch performance of a spar platform under the wave and vortex-induced loads when the ratio of the frequencies of heave, roll and pitch are approximately 2:1:1. In consideration of varying wet surface, the three DOFs nonlinear coupled equations are established for the spar platform under the effect of the first-order wave loads in the heave and pitch, and vortex-induced loads in the roll. By utilizing the method of multi-scales when the vortex-induced frequency is close to the natural roll frequency, the first-order perturbation solution is obtained analytically and further validated by the numerical integration. Sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the influence of the damping and the internal detuning parameter. Two cases with internal resonance are shown. The first case is that no saturation phenomenon exists under small vortex-induced loads. The first order perturbation solution illustrates that only the vortex-induced frequency motion in roll and the super-harmonic frequency motion in heave are excited. The second case is that the vortex-induced loads are large enough to excite the pitch and a saturation phenomenon in the heave mode follows. The results show that there is no steady response occurrence for some cases. For these cases chaos occurs and large amplitudes response can be induced by the vortex-induced excitation.     

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Hydraulic Pumping Unit on Offshore Platform

A new technology of offshore oil rod pumping production is developed for offshore heavy oil recovery. A new type of miniature hydraulic pumping unit with long-stroke, low pumping speed and compact structure is designed based on the spatial characteristics of offshore platforms. By combining the strengths of sinusoidal velocity curve and trapezoidal velocity curve, a kinematical model of the acceleration, the velocity and displacement of the pumping unit''s hanging point is established. The results show that the pumping unit has good kinematic characteristics of smooth motion and small dynamic load. The multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of the single-well pumping unit is established. The first and second order natural frequencies of the sucker rod string subsystem and the pumping unit subsystem are studied. The results show that the first and the second order natural frequencies among the pumping rod string, pumping unit-platform subsystem and the dynamic excitation have differences over 5 times from each other, indicating that resonance phenomenon will not appear during the operation and the dynamic requirements for field use are met in the system.     

桂中地区泥盆纪碳酸盐岩沉积特征与孤立台地礁滩演化

桂中坳陷是在加里东运动基础上形成的晚古生代海相大型沉积坳陷,其后期构造稳定,为具有较好潜力的勘探新区。其中,该区泥盆系地层深埋地腹,为主要勘探目的层系和近期研究的热点。在总结前人研究的基础上,运用野外露头剖面观测、测录井、地震相分析等技术手段,建立了本区泥盆系层序地层格架,由下而上划分为3个三级层序:SS1、SS2、SS3,完成了桂中地区泥盆系地层与地震层序格架的统一。研究了本区泥盆纪沉积特征和沉积演化史,分析认为桂中坳陷经历加里东期隆升后,在海西早期(D-C)的拉张背景下,演变为"台-盆"相间的沉积格局,期间沉积多个孤立台地。孤立台地边缘发育有生物礁滩,发育时间从中泥盆世早期一直延续至中泥盆世晚期,首次提出该地区孤立台地礁滩发育具有垂向上"三种五期"叠置加积的特征。其中,层序SS1沉积期(早泥盆世晚期-中泥盆早期)为孤立台地礁滩发育的奠基-发展期。层序SS2沉积期(中泥盆世中期-中泥盆世晚期)为孤立台地礁滩发育的繁盛期。层序SS3沉积期(晚泥盆世)为孤立台地礁滩发育的消亡期。     

塔里木盆地东北缘库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积特征及演化

库鲁克塔格地区保存了相对完整的寒武纪-奥陶纪沉积地层,其沉积特征及演化规律的研究,对塔东地区寒武系-奥陶系油气勘探具有重要意义。通过库鲁克塔格地区详细的野外地质调查,结合前人相关研究成果,对该区寒武系-奥陶系沉积体系、沉积模式及演化规律的研究表明,寒武纪时期,库鲁克塔格地区经历了一次大的海侵-海退旋回,南、北两区沉积具有相似性。寒武纪早期的快速海侵导致南、北两区均发育陆棚相-深水盆地相沉积;寒武纪晚期,在逐渐海退的背景下,南、北两区开始出现沉积分异。奥陶纪,经历了新一轮大的海侵-海退旋回,南北两区沉积差异显著。北区从早奥陶世到晚奥陶世,发育台地边缘斜坡相-广海陆棚相-缓斜坡相-台地边缘礁滩相-开阔台地相相序,构成整体向上变浅的碳酸盐岩沉积层序;而南区发育深水盆地相-陆棚斜坡相-浊流盆地相-碎屑陆棚相相序,形成一套巨厚的深水复理石建造。库鲁克塔格地区寒武纪时期发育缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地,因台地不断向南构筑以及断裂活动,导致奥陶纪晚期台地边缘快速变陡,并在经历斜坡相快速堆积填平补齐之后,重新演变为缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地。晚奥陶世,由于周缘构造活动影响,却尔却克山-雅尔当山一带下沉,逐渐向远端变陡缓坡型碳酸盐岩台地演化。