火山岩型金矿的地质特征及勘查准则

通过对全球典型的巨型火山岩型金矿的研究分析,总结了火山岩型金矿的地质特征:这类金矿产出的大的构造背景多为活动的大陆边缘和岛弧,其成矿时代主要集中在中生代—新生代,容矿岩石主要为第三纪钙碱性喷出岩和浅成侵入岩,容矿构造主要为火山中心、破火山口、火山颈、角砾岩筒、火山穹窿、火山背斜、破碎带、张性裂隙带等各种构造,矿化特点为金和银共生在同一矿床,往往呈自然金或银金矿出现,有些矿床中含碲较多,矿化深度浅,上部为金和银,下部往往变成锌和铅。火山岩型金矿床与地热和温泉的活动密切相关,其围岩蚀变为绢云母化、硅化、碳酸岩化、泥化、黄铁矿化和钾化发育,原生晕分带总的趋势为Hg Sb As Ag Au(Mo、Pb、W)。提出了勘查火山岩型金矿床的选靶准则,指出中国东部地区基底具有前寒武纪矿源层的火山岩断陷盆地周边、深大断裂带上的幔源火山岩区或某些洋壳重熔形成的火山岩区找金潜力较大,尤其是中国西部的东、西准噶尔、西天山、东天山、北天山、新疆南天山、松潘—甘孜和"三江"构造 成矿带的东缘是找金最有潜力的地区。     

一种与断裂变质作用有关的新类型金矿床--新疆阿勒泰市萨热阔布金矿床

萨热阔布金矿床的围岩蚀变表现为一种线性的前进变质作用,使近矿围岩中的黑云母、角闪石晶体增大,并产生了硅线石、红柱石等低压型高温特征变质矿物,同时在含金石英岩中也出现了黑云母、角闪石、石榴石、绿帘石、阳起石、透闪石、菱铁矿等有特殊成因的变质矿物,而且含金石英岩的韧性剪切变形作用甚弱,这些地质特征明显不同于与黄铁绢英岩化退变质作用有关的构造蚀变岩型或剪切带型金矿床,它应该代表一种新的金矿类型,其形成过程可能与断裂变质作用有着内在的成因联系。     

江西金山金矿田东蒋金矿床地质特征及找矿远景

阐述了东蒋金矿床的成矿地质背景,通过对该金矿区地质特征的分析和总结,认为东蒋韧性剪切带为一卓具规模的控矿、容矿构造,其具有构造岩分带、蚀变分带及金矿化强度分带“三位一体”的规律性分布特点。指出该区业已发现韧性剪切带中的似层状金矿体和陡倾斜断裂带(F1)中的脉状金矿体,而该带目前无矿的东段分布有物探激电、航磁、重力异常及化探异常,这些都显示该区尚具有良好的找矿前景。     

The granite hosted gold deposit of Moulin de Chéni (Saint-Yrieix district,Massif Central,France): petrographic,structural, fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope constraints

The Moulin de Chéni orogenic gold deposit is the only granite-hosted deposit of the Saint-Yrieix district, French Massif Central. It occurs in 338±1.5 Ma-old peraluminous leucogranites and is characterized by intense microfracturing and bleaching of the granite in relation to pervasive sulfide crystallization. Formation of quartz veins and gold deposition occurred in two successive stages: an early mesozonal stage of quartz-sulfide (Fe-As-S) deposition, usually devoid of gold and a late epizonal stage of base metal and gold deposition. Both stages postdate peak metamorphism and granite intrusion. The genesis of the deposit is the result of four successive fluid events: (1) Percolation of aqueous-carbonic metamorphic fluids under an assumed lithostatic regime of 400–450 °C, at a maximum depth of 13 km; (2) Formation of the main quartz lodes with coeval K-alteration and introduction of As and S from aqueous-carbonic fluids percolating along regional faults. Arsenopyrite and pyrite deposition was linked to the alteration of Fe-silicates into K-feldspar and phengite at near-constant iron content in the bulk granite. Temperature was similar to that of the preceding stage, but pressure decreased to 100–50 MPa, suggesting rapid uplift of the basement up to 7.5 km depth; (3) The resulting extensional tectonic leads to the deposition of gold, boulangerite, galena and sphalerite in brecciated arsenopyrite and pyrite from aqueous fluids during a mixing process. Temperature and salinity decrease from 280 to 140 °C and 8.1 wt% eq. NaCl to 1.6 wt% eq. NaCl, respectively; (4) Sealing of the late fault system by barren comb quartz which precipitated from dilute meteoric aqueous fluids (1.6 wt% eq. NaCl to 0.9 wt% eq. NaCl) under hydrostatic conditions at 200–150 °C.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann     

造山带金矿研究现状与存在的问题

造山带金矿是当前矿床学和大地构造学研究热点,Groves等(1998)、Goldfarb等(2001)基于太古"地壳连续模式"(Groves,1993)的研究工作以涉及资料量大、应用成果新、考虑地质因素多而居于这一领域前沿.但是,目前众多研究对前寒武地质与显生宙地质的宏观差异、世界金矿一些总体规律及若干具体大地构造背景等尚认识不足.显生宙缺乏太古代大规模火成活动,已知金矿中很少同变质深成型(hypozonal),以浅变质岩为围岩的金矿区中没有相当的中-深变质岩为围岩的金矿."太古绿岩带"金矿区同样也缺乏浅变质岩为围岩的金矿.华北地块周边金矿主要形成在侏罗-白垩纪,明显晚于大兴安岭造山带和秦岭-大别山造山带,而与欧亚陆缘近南北向燕山期岩浆弧有关.距俯冲带较远、缺乏蛇绿混杂岩与大规模变质作用、发育大量中-新生代盆地及广泛地壳减薄等表明,中国东部与北美科迪勒拉(Cordillera)造山带晚中生代地质存在宏观差异,燕山期岩浆弧可能形成于一个以伸展为主导的环境,大量以花岗岩为围岩或相对太古变质围岩后生成因金矿及其成矿的大地构造背景值得深入研究,弄清各类显生宙金矿与造山带的关系是推进造山带金矿研究的关键.     

长江中下游抛刀岭大型中硫型浅成低温热液金矿床的厘定及其找矿启示

长江中下游是全球重要的斑岩-矽卡岩铜多金属矿床成矿带之一,近年来识别出一些大型明矾石矿床、中小规模高硫型和低硫型金±银矿床,但是否存在中硫型矿化蚀变系统还不清楚.抛刀岭是近年来在长江中下游成矿带新发现的大型独立金矿床,文章通过岩芯编录、短波红外光谱和矿物成分的研究,厘定该矿床矿体主要产于～140 Ma英安斑岩脉中,成矿...     

新疆尉犁县双峰岭金矿床特征及资源潜力分析

双峰岭金矿床处于塔里木板块东北缘的库鲁克塔格陆缘地块,北邻艾尔宾晚古生代残余盆地,南为塔里木中央地块;金矿体严格受地层岩性、韧性剪切带、脉岩三重控制.矿石类型有石英脉型和石英脉蚀变岩复合型;蚀变主要有绿泥石化、褐铁矿化、黄钾铁矾化、绢云母化、碳化和碳酸盐化、硅化等.金矿成矿物质主要来自变质热液,由于矿体受断裂构造控制,...     

Constraining models of the tectonic setting of the giant Olympic Dam iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, South Australia, using deep seismic reflection data

In the Gawler Craton, the completeness of cover concealing the crystalline basement in the region of the giant Olympic Dam Cu–Au deposit has impeded any sufficient understanding of the crustal architecture and tectonic setting of its IOCG mineral-system. To circumvent this problem, deep seismic reflection data were recently acquired from  250 line-km of two intersecting traverses, centered on the Olympic Dam deposit. The data were recorded to 18 s TWT ( 55 km). The crust consists of Neoproterozoic cover, in places more than 5 km thick, over crystalline basement with the Moho at depths of 13–14 s TWT ( 40–42 km). The Olympic Dam deposit lies on the boundary between two distinct pieces of crust, one interpreted as the Archean–Paleoproterozoic core to the craton, the other as a Meso–Neoproterozoic mobile belt. The host to the deposit, a member of the  1590 Ma Hiltaba Suite of granites, is situated above a zone of reduced impedance contrast in the lower crust, which we interpret to be source-region for its  1000 °C magma. The crystalline basement is dominated by thrusts. This contrasts with widely held models for the tectonic setting of Olympic Dam, which predict extension associated with heat from the mantle producing the high temperatures required to generate the Hiltaba Suite granites implicated in mineralization. We use the seismic data to test four hypotheses for this heat-source: mantle underplating, a mantle-plume, lithospheric extension, and radioactive heating in the lower crust. We reject the first three hypotheses. The data cannot be used to reject or confirm the fourth hypothesis.     

Fluid evolution in the Rushan lode gold deposit of Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern China

The Rushan gold deposit in the Jiaodong Peninsula is currently the largest lode gold in China. Gold occurs mainly in pyrite- and polymetallic sulfide–quartz vein/veinlet stockworks. Fluid inclusions in the deposit are divided into three main types, namely CO₂–H₂O, H₂O–CO₂ ± CH₄ and aqueous ones. Microthermometric data show that the pre-gold fluids were CO₂-dominant (X_CO2 up to 0.53), and the total homogenization temperatures fall in the range of 298377 °C. These fluids, modified by fluid/wallrock reactions, gradually evolved into fluids with less CO₂ (X_CO2 = 0.010.19) in the main ore-forming stage, and the total homogenization temperatures range from 170 to 324 °C. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data suggest that ore-forming fluids were mixture of magmatic and meteoritic origin. Co-occurrence of gold and sulfides implies that gold was most likely transported in the form of gold–sulfide complexes. The wide distribution of CO₂ inclusions means that the pH variation during gold transportation was controlled by CO₂ buffering.     

胶东金矿研究进展及约束金物质来源的新思路

作为全球最主要的金成矿带之一,胶东地区仅占全国国土面积的0.27%,黄金储量却约占全国的25%,特别是胶西北地区的金矿更是星罗棋布,引起了国内外地质学家的广泛关注,进行了大量的生产和科研工作。该文总结了近年来取得的关于胶东金矿在构造、岩浆、流体及成矿物质、富集机制等方面取得的研究进展,并且针对颇具争议的金成矿物质来源问题,提出了新的研究思路,并初步论证了其可行性。以期抛砖引玉,引起广大地学同仁对此科学问题的关注。