Evolution of deep‐lead palaeodrainages and gold exploration at Ballarat,Australia

Ballarat in western Victoria hosts substantial hard‐rock and palaeoplacer gold deposits. The most famous placers are the deep leads—channel deposits of a middle Cenozoic drainage system that were buried by voluminous basalt flows over the past few million years. The basalt has also shielded large areas of the highly prospective bedrock from exploration for more of the hard‐rock gold deposits. Although difficult to explore for, such deposits could express themselves as geochemical plumes in the major aquifer system hosted by the deep leads. Groundwater sampling may provide a vector to such deposits, but around Ballarat debate has long surrounded the distribution and flow directions of the deep leads, which are critical for this exploration methodology. The present landscape around Ballarat began to develop in the Early Cenozoic when a pre‐existing Mesozoic landscape was severely dissected during Australia‐Antarctica breakup. Several cycles of erosion left several generations of fluvial placer deposits scattered across the present landscape. New data from regional mapping, boreholes and compilation of historical records elucidates the positions and flow directions of the deep leads. The distribution and flow directions of the deep leads beneath the basalt are different to, and cannot be inferred from, the present drainage upon the basalt. The deep‐lead drainage divide runs beneath the city of Ballarat with divergence of up to 30 km between the deep lead and the present drainage divides. The divide was shifted northward to its present position by the process of drainage diversion because the basalt eruptions built new topography to greater heights than along the pre‐existing deep‐lead divide.     

THE APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE ON GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF PLACER DEPOSIT

The practice has proved that it is an economic and effective method to investigate placer gold deposit by using multi-level information sources of remote sensing and multi-variate analysis methods, especially for the area with a sparse population and difficult condition like the Da Hinggan Mountains, China.The information sources used in our work includes Landsat TM, aerial infrared photography and their mosaic image maps and enlarged photos with different scales. According to statistic data, in the study area the gold-bearing rocks are mainly granite, alaskite, granodiorite and some old metamorphic rocks. On gold-bearing geological structures, the fault zones in the four directions (NE, NNE, NW and EW) are obvious, in which NNE and EW are the most key fault zones. On fluvial geomorphology the flow courses stored placer are in the tributaries of the 4th and 5th levels, especially in straight or slight curve reaches. On the basis of analysis the interpretative signs were set up, and the interpretative wo     

Provenance Signature of Pre-Cambrian and Mesozoic Rocks in the Nearshore Placers of Konkan,Central West Coast of India

Heavy mineral studies of the nearshore placer deposits of the Konkan Coast reveal a dominant assemblage comprised of garnet and kyanite along with other accessory minerals like epidote, olivine and rutile. The heavy mineral assemblage of the study region shows a characteristic suite of 17 types of heavy minerals. Their abundance shows hardly any drastic variation in the four bays studied. Overwhelming presence of minerals like garnet and kyanite in the studied four bays points to the source as metamorphic rocks. The presence of etched garnets, overgrown zircons and etched kyanites corroborate the recycling of paleo-sediments into the bay. Characterization of opaques under the microscope also corroborates the influence of a metamorphic source, rather than the adjoining basaltic rocks. However, the absence of metamorphic rocks in the hinterland suggests the possibility of deposition of sediments predominantly from offshore. Factor analysis results also corroborate the overwhelming influence of metamorphic rocks in the present study region rather than the abutting basalts.     

What drives nearshore sediment transport controls on the depletion of beach placers at Manavalakurichi,Southwest Coast of India?

An in-depth analysis has been made to simulate hydrodynamic scenarios for understanding the nearshore sediment transport controls of placer mineral depletion at Manavalakurichi, India. From the analyses of topographic configuration (extracted from Hydrographic Nautical Chart No. 2048 and data generated during year 2010), we inferred that the 5-m isobaths had broadened and exhibited shallowness. Distances between the coastline and the isobaths were found to have increased significantly over the past five decades. Along with this, the 10 and 20-m contours were found to have shifted about 35–100?m horizontally landward. These changes led to severe sediment deposition in these regions due to the changed wave energy levels and refraction patterns. Numerical simulations linking bathymetry, hydrodynamics, sediment load, and significant wave heights revealed that changes in bathymetry would amplify the wave heights and convergence of wave energy. Associated removal of sand from the high-energy zones will eventually lead to sediment starvation situations and depletion of placers in the adjacent beaches. As the observed trends of depletion generate great concern, detailed oceanographic investigations should be taken up immediately in the region. Fine-resolution hydrodynamic data-sets should prove useful for further evaluating the physical responses of the system to the altered geometry and for exploring remedial measures for restoring the heavy mineral content of the beach sand.     

秘鲁朋友砂金矿床成矿模型研究

朋友砂金矿床位于秘鲁南部亚马逊盆地中,具有典型的热带雨林气候和独特的水文地质特征.第四系松散堆积层发育完全,厚度大.圣母河砂金矿的富集有明显规律性,其与水文地质条件及物质来源相关,这种成矿规律性可用一模型来描述,该模型适用于具有金矿成矿物质来源的热带河流冲积型砂金矿床.合理的找矿方法是热带雨林地区砂金矿床定位评价的关键.     

贵州锦屏隆里-黎平平地

锦屏隆里－黎平平地一带的辉石重砂异常，异常矿物为辉石、铬铁矿及钛磁铁矿。总面积约200km^2。位置与贵州地矿局101地质队一个寻找金刚石矿床的靶区大略相符。其重要意义是拓展了贵州可能存在基－超基性侵入岩体的分布地区，若经检查验证，可望发现新的基一超基性小岩体，甚至原生金刚石矿床。     

"狗头金”的再生特征及成因--以湖南益阳南郊7号"狗头金”为例

湖南益阳南郊7号“狗头金”的金源主要来自古火山岩及其边部冷家溪群板岩中的含金矿脉与基性火山碎屑岩系，属近原甚至近于就地的沉积再生成因。该“狗头金”表现不但显示再生痕迹，而且蜂窝状洞穴中的粘土还有微细金相伴，其杂质组分与本区含金矿石的标型元素Cr、Ag、Cu相对应。     

藏北地区砂金矿特征及找矿方向初探

藏北地区砂金矿矿质来源于中酸性岩浆岩接触带，沉积地层不整合接触带及硅化岩带，具物源近，成矿时代新的特点。班公湖－怒江地缝合线及其两侧的羌塘隆起带和冈底期－念青唐古拉陆块，是区内最有利的砂金成矿区。     

砂金的汞齐化增生假说

根据黑龙江省砂金及与之有关的岩金的详细研究结果,认为该区砂金主要是碎屑成因,但亦可能存在另一种生长机制,即汞齐化增生。列举了金与汞共生的地球化学、矿物学、地质学证据,论述了汞齐化增生的主要内容,即焊接、熔解及重结晶机制。     

砂金矿的化学-机械成因新观点

本文在分析前人提出的砂金矿成因的不同观点及存在的问题的基础上,根据新取得的资料,首次提出砂金矿的化学—机械成因新认识。即砂金矿的形成全过程中,既存在着化学作用,又存在着机械作用,前者主要存在于含金岩体的风化过程中,其作用使金产生次生加大及胶结作用;后者是含金岩体风化剥蚀后砂金搬运、沉积及富集成矿的主要形式。文中还据新的成因观点,提出了砂金矿的找矿方向。