大陆裂谷区幔源矿物橄榄石在不同应变阶段的位错构造及位错滑移系研究——以法国中央地块及中国汉诺坝新生代玄武岩的二辉橄榄岩包体为例

利用透射电子显微术(TEM)对两个新生代裂谷区的碱性玄武岩(法国中央地块克莱蒙菲朗及中朝板块北部河北万全)中幔源矿物橄榄石的位错亚构造进行研究,通过位错类型、衍射花样、柏格斯矢量及位错滑移系的分析及计算,判断了深源包体从上地幔进入地壳的动力学过程——经历了高温(>1000℃)蠕变、低温(<600℃—800℃)应变及后期局部温度回升阶段,确定了高温滑移系以{OKl}[100]及(001)[100]为主,并存在由(010)[001]及(100)[001)滑移系组成的高温位错网络,计算了低温应变的滑移系为(110)[001]及(010)[001]。     

三维管网自动建模研究

管线三维建模是构建数字城市的重要内容,目前,管网建模技术主要是基于手工或标准连接件的半手工建模,而三维管网的全自动建模存在建模过程复杂、效率低、模型质量差等不足。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种基于管线路径扫略、形体放样及布尔运算的复杂三维管线模型自动生成算法。根据截面形状参数曲线,运用图形变换,沿路径确定内插截面法线实现管线路径扫略三维模型构建;形体放样则是以放样截面间以各自顶点组成三角形为基元的小平面来构造管线表面,采用逼近方式拟合三维管线的整体形状;布尔运算的联合、交、差几何计算实现管网交叉贯通复杂模型的三维建模。通过实例验证,表明了该方法能够快速、高效实现任意复杂管网高质量三维模型的构建。     

Drained instability analysis of sand under biaxial loading using a 3D material model

The diffused and localized instabilities in sand under drained biaxial loading have been analyzed here following a plane strain bifurcation framework, where the rate independent material is defined using a generalized 3D non-associative constitutive model. This study is focused on how various instability modes emerge with respect to initial density, confining pressure, and the applied boundary conditions. Results from large deformation framework have been compared with those from small deformation approximation and the later is noticed to fail in capturing the emergence of diffused modes and predicts delayed onset of localization. The theoretical predictions compares well with existing experimental observations.     

The role of subgrain boundaries in partial melting

Evidence for partial melting along subgrain boundaries in quartz and plagioclase is documented for rocks from the Lost Creek Gneiss of the Llano Uplift, central Texas, the Wet Mountains of central Colorado, and the Albany-Fraser Orogen, southwestern Australia. Domains of quartz or plagioclase crystals along subgrain boundaries are preferentially involved in partial melting over unstrained domains of these minerals. Material along subgrain boundaries in quartz and plagioclase has the same morphology as melt pseudomorphs present along grain boundaries and is commonly laterally continuous with this former grain boundary melt, indicating the material along subgrain boundaries can also be categorized as a melt pseudomorph. Subgrain boundaries consist of arrays of dislocations within a crystal lattice, and unlike fractures would not act as conduits for melt migration. Instead, the presence of former melt along subgrain boundaries requires that partial melting occurred in these locations because it is kinetically more favorable for melting reactions to occur there. Preferential melting in high strain locations may be attributed to strain energy, which provides a minor energetic contribution to the reaction and leads to preferential melting in locations with weakened bonds, and/or the presence of small quantities of water associated with dislocations, which may enhance diffusion rates or locally lower the temperature needed for partial melting.     

凡纳滨对虾不同家系间繁殖性状的比较

在相同的养殖条件下,从15个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)留种家系中各筛选30尾雌虾,记录60 d内每尾雌虾的产卵时体质量(SW)、产卵量(EN)、卵径(ED)、受精率(FR)、受精卵孵化率(HR)、连续两次产卵间隔时间(SI),分析各家系繁殖性状的差异性和各繁殖性状间的相关性。结果显示,各家系间繁殖相关性状差异显著(P<0.05),其中F415家系SW为55.36 g,显著大于其他家系(P<0.05),F413家系EN最高为26.52万粒,F402家系雌虾产卵FR和HR率均最高分别为83.19%和84.68%,F407、F401家系SI最短分别为5.03 d和5.06 d,以EN>20万粒、SI<9 d、FR>60%、HR>60%为选择标准,筛选出F401、F405、F407、F409、F413、F415六个家系雌虾作为凡纳滨对虾高繁殖力品系培育的亲虾;各繁殖性状中SW与EN间的相关系数为0.260呈极显著相关(P<0.01),EN与FR和HR间的相关系数分别为0.155和0.239呈极显著相关(P<0.01),SI与EN和HR间的相关系数分别为-0.121和-0.078分别呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾雌虾繁殖性能具有较大的家系选择潜力;在高繁殖力凡纳滨对虾品系培育的过程中应以雌虾平均单次产卵量和连续两次产卵间隔时间作为的选育的目标性状。     

Behavior of Vertical Pressure Imposed on the Bottom of a Trench

A series of model tests were performed to investigate the behavior of vertical pressure imposed on the bottom of a trench. The tests were conducted in two phases to generate soil arching due to soil deformation: (1) the backfilling phase and (2) the lowering-bottom phase. First, the backfilling phase was performed by filling sand into the trench, in which soil deformation was developed due to selfcompaction by the weight of the sand. The lowering-bottom phase was then conducted by lowering the bottom plate of the trench to induce additional soil deformation. The behavior of the vertical pressure acting on the bottom of the trench during the backfilling phase can simulate that of the vertical pressure imposed on the bottom of buried rigid pipes. The behaviors of buried flexible pipes could be observed during the lowering-bottom phase, in which both the minimum and the maximum vertical pressures could be obtained according to the induced soil deformation. A novel method for predicting the vertical pressures in each phase was proposed. The agreements between the predictions by the proposed method and the experimental results were demonstrated.     

新型膨大管柱堵漏工具的研究与试制

为了提高钻遇断层、大裂缝、溶洞及流水溶洞情况发生的失返性漏失堵漏的成功率,研制了一种新型膨大管柱堵漏工具。该工具直接送达漏层,使堵漏材料在受限空间内凝固,并在井眼轨迹穿过的通道上建立所需体积和强度的堵塞,从而解决失返性漏失问题。介绍了该堵漏工具的结构组成、选材、制造工艺和使用方法。     

Mises屈服准则及其在钻探工具强度设计中的应用

在地质钻探工具设计和使用过程中,需要用到强度理论或屈服准则对遇到的钻采设备、工具失效等问题进行分析。为帮助人们对Mises屈服准则（应力）的理解,从理论上阐述了Mises屈服准则与畸变能密度理论的关系,其实质就是第四强度理论。在弹塑性范围内,Mises屈服准则统一了单向拉压状态的第一强度理论、复杂应力状态的第三强度理论和第四强度理论。Mises屈服准则在有限元数值分析中获得了更为广泛的应用。     

基于GPU的三维地下管网实时构建与可视化

城市地下管网是城市地下空间表达不可或缺的一部分。然而,传统基于CPU的大规模地下管线实时建模再送入显卡进行绘制的模式,效率非常低,并且在管线精细建模时,绘制帧率往往达不到实时渲染的需求。对此,本文提出了一种基于GPU的三维地下管网实时构建与可视化策略,该策略以传统二维矢量管线为数据基础,对CPU端进行实时切块,把需要实时构建的管网的管径和管线节点坐标传入GPU,利用GPU提供的几何着色器完成顶点坐标的计算、管线顶点数据自动生成及管线三角网的自动构建。实验结果表明,该策略能够在保证管网拟合逼真度的基础上达到实时构建及多尺度的表达。     

基于离散元数值模拟的应变分析和裂缝预测技术

应变分析与裂缝预测技术在地学领域具有重要应用意义。离散元方法虽然能有效分析含有大量间断的问题,但目前在地学领域应用较少。文中尝试使用离散元方法表示符合实际性质的岩石,模拟水平挤压环境下滑脱构造的形成过程,并对变形过程中的应变分布变化与裂缝生成规律进行了分析。结果表明:在挤压环境的滑脱构造中,裂缝产生的高峰期先于断层明显活动期,局部区域内聚集的大量裂缝是产生断层的诱因;已经出现明显活动的断层中产生的裂缝较少。裂缝集中区域和应变集中区域相互重叠,裂缝越发育则应变越强烈。受同一个断层影响的裂缝首先在断面上集中出现,随后产生在断面周边区域;在受断层影响的范围内,裂缝距离断面越远则形成时间越晚。该成果还表明离散元方法在应变分析与裂缝预测研究中具有巨大潜力。