Behavioural observations of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris in Baía dos Tigres,southern Angola

Observations on the behaviour of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris were made during daytime and night-time sampling on an unexploited rocky reef habitat in Baía dos Tigres, southern Angola. The relative numerical abundance sampled was 0.47 octopus person^–1 h^–1 during the day and 5.33 octopus person^–1 h^–1 during the night, suggesting that the population under study was nocturnal. The activity patterns differed between sizes of octopus. Small octopus (<20 cm total length [TL]) were observed roaming during the night, whereas the large individuals (>20 cm TL) generally fed in their dens. This ontogenetic behavioural shift may be due to tidal constraints or could be a strategy to avoid cannibalism. Octopus inhabiting a shallow, small-boulder substratum made extensive modifications to their habitat, excavating dens of up to 1 m deep in the sand below the boulders. These dens were not visible during the day as the octopus appeared to retract the small boulders over their den entrances. This unique behavioural strategy is thought to be a means to reduce predation and reduce light intensity during the day. Octopus were not observed in the small-boulder habitat during the five hours of daytime sampling. With nocturnal activity and extensive habitat modification, it is likely that avoidance of predation may be an important driver influencing the behaviour of the octopus population under study.     

白鹤滩层间错动带微结构特性及其化学改性初探

白鹤滩水电站层间错动带结构疏松、性状软弱、空间展布范围大、力学强度低,严重影响着地下厂房洞室的稳定性。为了揭示并改良层间错动带的力学特性,首先通过矿物成分分析试验、扫描电镜试验和压汞试验,从微观结构角度对层间错动带的矿物组成特征、颗粒排列规律、孔隙分布规律进行了详细的研究,阐明了层间错动带的微观结构特性及其对灌浆材料选择的影响,进而开展了层间错动带化学溶液浸泡对比试验。试验表明,硅酸钠溶液可以有效改善层间错动带的完整性,明显提高层间错动带的弹性波速、抗压强度、弹性模量和凝聚力。其研究结果对白鹤滩层间错动带的工程加固和改性设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于黏性土分散机制的分散性土化学改性研究

分散性土具有遇水易分散的特性,可导致堤坝等水利工程的冲蚀破坏。基于黏性土分散机制的研究,选用AlCl3• 6H2O、MgCl2•6H2O、CaCl2及CaO作为分散性土的化学改性材料,采用针孔试验和碎块试验对其改性效果进行判别和比较。试验表明,上述改性材料均可将分散性土改性为非分散性土,显著提高土体的抗冲蚀能力。结果说明：在分散性土中掺加高价态阳离子的可溶性盐,通过置换土粒表面钠离子或降低土体碱性,减小颗粒扩散层的厚度,可抑制土体的分散性,从而达到改性的目的;根据黏性土分散机制以及改性试验结果,提出了分散性土化学改性的原则,即改性材料中含有高价态的可溶性阳离子,或改性材料呈酸性,且环境友好,价格低廉,施工方便。     

四川省人工影响天气业务系统功能

介绍了四川省人工影响天气业务技术系统的组成功能及应用情况。该系统集成度和自动化程度比较高、实时性和实用性强、业务化运行稳定;实现了多种尺度和不同种类信息的实时采集、快速传输和直观显示,具有业务管理、作业预警信息发布、作业决策指挥、作业效果评估结果及时发布等多种功能。该系统的运用,加强了人工影响天气业务的管理,大大的提升了人影业务工作的效率。      

天然磁铁矿化学改性及其在水体除砷中的应用

铁氧化物及其复合氧化物(如菱铁矿、水铁矿)的表面电荷高、比表面积大,在特定条件下对亚砷酸盐和砷酸盐有较强的结合能力和亲和性,以铁氧化物作为吸附剂处理高砷水已经成为研究热点之一。天然磁铁矿的主要成分为Fe_3O_4,但其本身活性较弱,直接应用于处理高砷水的除砷率低。本文对天然磁铁矿采取酸化、碱化、不同温度灼烧、不同灼烧时间等简易的方法进行改性,达到有效去除水中砷的目的。实验结果表明:经0.5 mol/L盐酸浸泡、150℃灼烧10 min的改性磁铁矿分别处理As(Ⅲ)溶液和As(Ⅴ)溶液时,As(Ⅴ)去除率达98%,吸附能力显著增强,达到预期目标;溶液中As(Ⅲ)浓度从1000μg/L下降到250μg/L,去除率达75%,即As吸附能力明显优于未改性的天然磁铁矿,与其他改性铁矿除砷能力相近,而改性方法更加简便、易行。本文研究的改性天然磁铁矿吸附剂为控制高砷水的砷含量提供了一种切实可用的吸附材料。     

高分散性、粒度高正态分布氢氧化镁的制备研究进展

近年来Mg(OH)2的改性研究受到广泛重视;对水热处理技术和表面改性手段处理Mg(OH)2的研究现状进行概述,并讨论制备超细粉体改性Mg(OH)2的影响因素。     

西安地铁施工诱发地表沉降及对城墙的影响

以西安地铁2号线为背景,利用3种预测公式对实测地表沉降值进行拟合,得到了沉降槽形态参数。利用拟合参数,借鉴“刚度修正法”原理对地铁下穿城墙施工诱发其基础的沉降进行预测,并建立城墙的三维有限元模型,对城墙所能承受的极限变形能力和承载力进行量化分析,分析结果表明：Peck公式能较好地描述地表沉降特征;考虑后期蠕变和固结作用,盾构施工所诱发的城墙基础最大沉降量不得超过20 mm,期望对后期地铁施工引起地表沉降及其对建筑物的响应提供科学参考。     

有机蛭石的制备及其层间插层剂排布模式研究

对新疆尉犁蛭石进行钠化改型后用系列烷基季铵盐进行了有机插层处理,利用XRD对样品进行表征.结合季铵盐阳离子的理论几何尺寸,研究了季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层的结构和排布方式.结果表明,不同链长烷基季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层排列方式的演化途径不同,季铵盐用量和季铵盐阳离子的性质能影响季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层的排布方式.当季铵盐用量较低时,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层形成平卧排列,当季铵盐用量较高时,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层形成倾斜排列,且直链烷基越长,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层间越易形成倾斜排列.     

Evaluation of the response modification coefficient and collapse potential of special concentrically braced frames

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are commonly used for seismic design of buildings. Their large elastic stiffness and strength efficiently sustains the seismic demands during smaller, more frequent earthquakes. During large, infrequent earthquakes, SCBFs exhibit highly nonlinear behavior due to brace buckling and yielding and the inelastic behavior induced by secondary deformation of the framing system. These response modes reduce the system demands relative to an elastic system without supplemental damping using a response modification coefficient, commonly termed the R factor. More recently, procedures put forth in FEMAP695 have been made to quantify the R factor through a formalized procedure that accounts for collapse potential. The primary objective of the research in this paper was to evaluate the approach for SCBFs. An improved model for SCBFs that permits simulation of brace fracture was used to conduct response history analyses. A series of three‐story, nine‐story and 20‐story SCBFs were designed and evaluated. Initially, the FEMAP695 method was conducted to estimate collapse and the corresponding R factor. An alternate procedure for scaling the multiple acceleration records to the seismic design hazard was also evaluated. The results show significant variation between the two methods. Of the three variations of buildings studied, the largest vulnerability was identified for the three‐story building. To achieve a consistent margin of safety against collapse, a significantly lower R factor is required for the low‐rise SCBFs (three‐story), whereas the mid‐rise and high‐rise SCBFs (nine‐story and 20‐story) may continue to use the current value of 6, as provided in ASCE‐07. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地形云催化增雨试验研究进展

地形云作为最具有前景和可行的人工影响云系,受到人工影响天气工作者和研究人员的关注。本文分析了国内外地形云催化增雨野外科学试验的历史进程,总结了野外科学试验中取得的成果,梳理了在地形云催化增雨试验中需关注的几个关键科学问题,包括对地形云自然降水过程的分析、地形云系统中过冷水在云内的分布、山地云系的微物理过程演变特征及其与中尺度动力结构的关联,介绍了宁夏开展地形云野外科学试验的实践,提出了加快地形云催化野外科学试验,提高地形云云水资源开发利用的对策及建议。为解决中国西北地区干旱问题,推动黄河流域生态环境保护及高质量发展提供了一种思路。