海洋新菌的分类与鉴定方法

细菌的分类鉴定与细菌的研究和应用有着同等重要的地位。目前从自然界中可以培养的细菌总量不到1%,大多数海洋细菌的分类鉴定仍需建立在纯培养基础上。本文对目前可培养海洋细菌的分类鉴定方法做了系统的综述,详述了系统发生树的构建,汇总了生理生化分类特征,概述了主要的遗传学分析方法,包括16S rDNA序列分析,G+C含量测定,DNA-DNA杂交,MLST(多位点序列分型,Multi Locus Sequence Typing)以及核酸指纹图谱等,并指出每种方法适用的范围以及应用时需要注意的事项。另外,本文还提出了新菌分类鉴定的一般步骤。文章最后对目前海洋细菌分类鉴定的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

Growth performance and physiological parameters of the second generation selected and control groups of Pinctada martensii

In May of 2007,the second generation selected (SS) and control (SC) groups of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii were established by selecting 10% breeders with the largest and mean shell length,respectively,from the first generation selected group.Growth performance of the SS and SC groups were compared on the basis of measurement data at Days 8,18,60,95,195 and 365.On Day 365,100 individuals (60.0–75.0 mm at shell length) were sampled from each group and then subjected to the experiment where physiological parameters such as filtrate rate,oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured at 15,20,25 and 30°C.The results show that the SS group had significantly larger mean shell length and shell height than the SC group at Days 8,18,60,95,195 and 365 (P <0.05).The genetic gains at different ages varied from 6.0% to 17.0% for shell length and 5.7% to 14.6% for shell height,respectively.At 15,20,25 and 30 ° C,the SS groups had significantly larger filtrate rate than the SC group (P <0.05).At 15 and 25 °C,the differences in oxygen consumption rate between the SS and SC groups were not significant (P >0.05).At 20 and 30 °C,however,the oxygen consumption rate of the SS group was significantly larger than the SC group (P <0.05).At 15,20,25 and 30 °C,there were no significant differences in ammonia excretion rate between the SS and SC groups (P >0.05).The present results indicate that there existed considerable genetic variability in the base population and a further selection could be likely fruitful.Mass selection for faster growth might produce animals that had higher intake of metabolizable energy by virtue of faster filtrating behavior.     

两株溶藻弧菌噬菌体的生理特性和基因组研究

利用噬菌体治疗水产养殖细菌病害具有专一性强、自我增殖能力强等优点, 可以有效减少对环境的污染。为了获得可防治水产病原体溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)的生物杀菌剂, 本研究以Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC 17749^T为宿主, 从福建省东山岛的对虾养殖场与水产市场污水环境中分离得到两株巨型噬菌体vB_ValM_R10Z和vB_ValM_R11Z, 并分别从噬菌体形态、宿主范围、生命周期和基因组信息等方面进行了鉴定和分析。实验结果显示, 噬菌体R10Z和R11Z具有相似的噬菌斑形态和电镜形态, 属于肌尾噬菌体; 除宿主之外, 噬菌体R10Z和R11Z均能侵染另一株欧文氏弧菌Vibrio owensii JL3186; 两株噬菌体均对氯仿不敏感, 表明其衣壳蛋白不含脂类物质; 噬菌体R10Z和R11Z的潜伏期均为20min, 但裂解量却相差一倍, 分别为45PFU·cell^-1和114PFU·cell^-1; 两株噬菌体的基因组大小分别为247167bp和246831bp, G+C含量分别为41.30%和41.33%, 两者基因组相似性达99.45%, 均未检测出毒力基因与抗药性基因; 系统发育分析显示两株噬菌体均属于Myoviridae(科), Tevenvirinae(亚科), Schizotequatrovirus(属), 同源基因在环境中分布广泛。两株噬菌体性状优良, 在水产病害的噬菌体治疗领域具有重要的研究价值和潜在的应用价值。     

祁连山青海云杉叶片δ~(13)C特征及其与生理指标关系

以祁连山青海云杉叶片为研究对象,通过测定叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)、叶片含水量(LWC)、脯氨酸含量、灰分含量、碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比、土壤含水量(SWC)等指标,探讨不同水分梯度下叶片δ13C的控制因子.结果表明,祁连山青海云杉叶片δ13C值在-28.9‰～-25.4‰之间变化,平均值为-27.3‰.沿河西走廊从东到西的干旱梯度(降水量逐渐减少),叶片δ13C表现出偏正的趋势.叶片δ13C与LWC和脯氨酸含量呈显著正相关关系,与灰分含量、SWC显著负相关.叶片δ13C值在青海云杉种内分布稳定,主要是由自身的遗传特性所决定,同时与生长环境条件也有一定的关系,其中土壤可利用水分是最主要的限制因子.叶片灰分含量是δ13C值的可选择性替代指标.     

大治河河口无齿螳臂相手蟹生长和成熟的研究(英文)

无齿螳臂相手蟹是长江口潮间带和潮上带的优势种之一,具有重要的生态功能。为探求无齿螳臂相手蟹不同阶段的异速生长和成熟状况,于2009年10月至2010年9月期间采集样本,通过聚类和分段线性回归等分析方法对雌雄蟹头胸甲、螯、腹部等形态数据进行分析,建立区别不同生长阶段的判别函数并用逻辑斯蒂回归估计其50%形态成熟点。结果如下:雌雄蟹50%形态成熟点分别为头胸甲宽18.22mm和16.36mm。雄蟹的螯宽和雌蟹的腹宽均表现出明显的异速生长;根据相对生长率的不同,雄蟹异速生长可分为三个阶段,雌蟹分为两个阶段;不成熟的雄蟹异速生长拐点发生在壳宽11.78mm,不成熟和成熟雌蟹腹部在壳宽13.04～18.64mm范围内重叠。同时研究了50%的生理成熟大小,雌雄成熟大小分别为17.50mm,17.20mm。雄性形态成熟大小小于生理成熟大小,而雌性则相反。     

Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow

Although seawater desalination has increased significantly over recent decades, little attention has been paid to the impact of the main by-product (hypersaline water: brine) on ecosystems. In the Mediterranean, potentially the most affected ecosystems are meadows of the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica. We studied the effect of brine on a shallow P. oceanica meadow exposed to reverse osmosis brine discharge for more than 6 years. P. oceanica proved to be very sensitive to both eutrophication and high salinities derived from the brine discharge. Affected plants showed high epiphyte load and nitrogen content in the leaves, high frequencies of necrosis marks, low total non-structural carbohydrates and low glutamine synthetase activity, compared to control plants. However, there was no indication of extensive decline of the affected meadow. This is probably due to its very shallow situation, which results in high incident radiation as well as fast dilution and dispersion of the brine plume.     

Colouration Phenomena of Mediterranean Blennies (Pisces,Blenniidae)

Abstract. The blennies of the Mediterranean Sea were observed in nature by snorkeling and SCUBA diving. Particular attention was paid to their changeable basic patterns and colouring alternations as effected by ecological and ethological factors. Additionally, the tendency for colour change was tested in differently coloured tanks. These experiments failed to demonstrate the striking adaptations seen in the natural environment, except for a remarkable reaction to black and white. The summary of all known reports is supported by colour illustrations; the problems of the colouring alternations are discussed.     

Biological Impact of Elevated Ocean CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Concentrations: Lessons from Animal Physiology and Earth History

CO₂ currently accumulating in the atmosphere permeates into ocean surface layers, where it may impact on marine animals in addition to effects caused by global warming. At the same time, several countries are developing scenarios for the disposal of anthropogenic CO₂ in the worlds' oceans, especially the deep sea. Elevated CO₂ partial pressures (hypercapnia) will affect the physiology of water breathing animals, a phenomenon also considered in recent discussions of a role for CO₂ in mass extinction events in earth history. Our current knowledge of CO₂ effects ranges from effects of hypercapnia on acid-base regulation, calcification and growth to influences on respiration, energy turnover and mode of metabolism. The present paper attempts to evaluate critical processes and the thresholds beyond which these effects may become detrimental. CO₂ elicits acidosis not only in the water, but also in tissues and body fluids. Despite compensatory accumulation of bicarbonate, acid-base parameters (pH, bicarbonate and CO₂ levels) and ion levels reach new steady-state values, with specific, long-term effects on metabolic functions. Even though such processes may not be detrimental, they are expected to affect long-term growth and reproduction and may thus be harmful at population and species levels. Sensitivity is maximal in ommastrephid squid, which are characterized by a high metabolic rate and extremely pH-sensitive blood oxygen transport. Acute sensitivity is interpreted to be less in fish with intracellular blood pigments and higher capacities to compensate for CO₂ induced acid-base disturbances than invertebrates. Virtually nothing is known about the degree to which deep-sea fishes are affected by short or long term hypercapnia. Sensitivity to CO₂ is hypothesized to be related to the organizational level of an animal, its energy requirements and mode of life. Long-term effects expected at population and species levels are in line with recent considerations of a detrimental role of CO₂ during mass extinctions in the earth's history. Future research is needed in this area to evaluate critical effects of the various CO₂ disposal scenarios. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

栽培番茄耐盐变异系的离体选择

利用细胞工程技术 ,首先在 1.5% Na Cl下进行筛选 ,然后在 1.0 % Na Cl下长期继代及在无盐下和 1.5% Na Cl下反复的多步选择方法。经过 7个月的连续筛选 ,分离得到耐盐性稳定的番茄耐盐变异细胞系。耐盐系在不同 Na Cl浓度下的生长情况表明 ,该耐盐系的耐盐性有了较大提高 ,接近于 1.0 % Na Cl。耐盐系和对照中可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量有明显差异 ,这与耐盐系具有较高耐盐性相对应。同时对游离脯氨酸在盐胁迫下积累的意义进行了探讨     

福建九龙江口火腿许水蚤各发育期耐盐能力与生态分布的关系

利用驯化及世代培养，对生活于福建九龙江口低盐水域的火腿许水蚤的生理耐盐能力进行了研究．结果显示不同发育期的个体具有不同的生理耐盐范围，耐盐能力随着个体发育呈无节幼体〈桡足幼体〈成体的趋势增长。在盐度变化的环境中无节幼体的耐盐能力是决定其群体增殖量的主要因素，并进而影响其生态分布。盐度驯化能有效地扩大该种桡足类的耐盐范围，从而了解其潜在的地理分布范围。火腿许水蚤表现出较强的对高盐环境的潜在适应能力，但无法适应淡水环境。这表明其在该水域的生态分布状况不仅是生理耐盐能力的反映，种间竞争和河口水文条件也是造成这一现象的重要影响因素。