Comparing quality of estuarine and nearshore intertidal habitats for Carcinus maenas

Estuarine and nearshore marine areas are vital habitats for several fish and benthic invertebrates. The shore crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) inhabits a variety of coastal, estuarine and lagoon habitats. At low tide, habitat structural complexity may be most important for crabs in the intertidal, providing refuge from predation and desiccation. The quality of different vegetated and nonvegetated estuarine and rocky shore habitats in SW Portugal and SW England was evaluated for intertidal C. maenas populations. We estimated population density, size–structure, and potential growth (RNA/DNA ratios) to investigate habitat quality. Vegetated estuarine habitats supported higher crab densities, than nonvegetated estuarine and rocky shore habitats. Investigation of population size–structure revealed that all habitats seem important recruitment and nursery areas although estuarine habitats in SW Portugal appeared to support higher densities of new recruits than equivalent habitats in SW England. Significant variation was found in RNA/DNA ratios among habitats. Ratios were highest in the rocky shore suggesting a high quality habitat where growth potential is high. We speculate that competition from other top-predators (Pachygrapsus spp.) rather than low habitat quality may limit the occurrence of C. maenas in intertidal rocky shore habitats in SW Portugal. In estuarine environments RNA/DNA ratios were significantly higher in the vegetated than in the nonvegetated estuarine habitats in SW Portugal but not in SW England, suggesting geographic differences in the extent to which highly structure habitats represent high quality. Our results challenge the current paradigm that structured habitats are necessarily those of higher quality for C. maenas.     

Bertrand's Law and Weinberg's Principle and Their Extension

Bertrand's law that the plant can't live in lack of some indispensable element, appropriate amount of the element will make the plant thrive but excessive amount of it will make the plant poisoning and even die was obtained through the study on the biologic adaptability in laboratory for the indispensable element manganese by G. Bertrand. E. D. Weinberg developed Bertrand's law as that certain amount of manganese was appropriate for the growth of some bacteria but not for the form of bacteriophage.The double threshold contents of elements indispensable for the organisms and their physiological effects can be extended to different hydrogeochemical zones of hydrogeological unit. Some elements are lack in the hydrogeochemical zone, in which the elements leaching and transfer are very strong the biological physiological effect is negative to the elements content. However, in the elements enrichment area caused by leaching and concentrating by evaporation or environmental pollution, the biological physiological effects are positive to the element content. The elements content in other areas which are in between two above types is appropriate for the organisms.From the hydrogeochemical study in Liliu , Shanxi province we obtained that the rate of KBD, IDD and dental caries are resulted from deficiency of elements Se, I and F in water (soil), respectively, the rate of diseases above is inversely related with the element content, while in the zone with excessive fluorine caused by enrichment and leaching, the rate of endemic fluorosis is positive to the fluorine content.     

Cu对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼的生理生态毒性

为研究Cu对云龙石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)幼鱼的生态毒性及生理生化指标的影响,作者分析了Cu²⁺对幼鱼的安全质量浓度(CS)、组织损伤、酶活力、金属硫蛋白-2(MT-2)基因表达的影响。实验设置对照组以及0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.2、2 mg/L等6个Cu²⁺实验组进行为期5 d的毒理实验。结果显示:Cu²⁺对云龙石斑鱼幼鱼的CS为0.0162 mg/L; Cu暴露诱发实验鱼的肝脏组织血窦扩张;鳃组织出现动脉瘤以及顶部棒状等现象;与对照组相比,随Cu²⁺浓度升高,肝脏组织总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著下降;谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力先上升后下降;随Cu处理浓度升高,肝脏、鳃组织MT-2基因表达水平均逐渐上升;而脑组织中MT-2表达水平先上升后下降,但低浓度组较对照组差异不显著。结果表明,高浓度的Cu会造成云龙石斑鱼幼鱼的组织损伤、免疫酶活力降低等一系列不利影响,结果为云龙石斑鱼养殖生产过程中利用铜制剂防控病害的适宜剂量...     

海洋生物功能肽构效关系研究进展

海洋生物功能肽是从海洋生物中获得的一类具有多种生理活性、在体内担负着重要调节功能的肽类化合物。目前已经从海洋生物中分离出两千多种功能肽,这些功能肽具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、降血压等多种生理活性,且来源广泛、毒性小、特异性强。海洋生物功能肽现已成为医药、食品、化妆品等领域研究的热点,国内外有许多公司和机构致力于海洋生物功能肽类新型药物的研究,大批海洋生物功能肽已经进入医药市场或临床研究阶段。功能肽的结构是其活性的基础,研究它们的构效关系有利于对海洋生物功能肽进行结构改造和修饰,对推进海洋生物资源的开发具有重要意义。本文对近年来国内外在海洋生物功能肽构效关系研究中所取得的主要进展进行综述,为海洋活性物质的开发和应用提供参考。     

海洋酸化对浮游植物生理生态影响的研究进展

当前全球气候变化下的上层海洋变暖与酸化对以浮游植物为主的海洋生态系产生了重大影响,理解此背景下的海洋浮游植物生理生态响应,对我们理解和抑制全球气候变化具有重要意义。在全球大气二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）升高情景下,浮游植物通过光合作用、微生物循环等过程,通过不同功能群对海洋生源要素循环模式的改变,进而影响区域及全球海洋的生物地球化学循环。研究全球浮游植物对海洋酸化生理生态的响应使得我们对生物地球化学系统的认识更加全面、系统。     

光照对海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理的影响

为研究滇池海菜花衰退消亡的原因,探讨其恢复的可能性,通过模拟实验研究了光照对海菜花种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理的影响.结果表明光照强度对海菜花种子萌发的影响不显著;光照强度显著影响海菜花幼苗的生长,其中71.8%和91.5%遮光条件下海菜花的平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高均显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其平均叶片长度、叶片宽度和株高,平均生物量显著高于97.6%遮光条件下其平均生物量;实验中期不同光照条件下,海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量差异显著,其中71.8%遮光条件下海菜花叶片叶绿素a含量显著高于无遮光和97.6%遮光条件下其含量;光照强度对海菜花叶片过氧化物酶活性影响不显著.富营养化导致的水体透明度低、光照强度弱不影响海菜花种子萌发,但影响了海菜花的生长发育和生理特性,进而可能影响了海菜花的繁殖,这可能是滇池海菜花消亡的原因之一.因此恢复海菜花必须提高水体透明度,改善光照强度.     

改性粘土絮凝法对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)存活及生理生化的影响初探

本文以平均体重为(388.00±41.11)g的大西洋鲑(Salmosalar)为实验对象,探究了改性粘土絮凝过程对养殖水体水质以及大西洋鲑存活、组织形态和氧化应激反应的影响。在本实验条件下,添加改性粘土的实验组水质得到一定程度的改善,其中磷酸盐、铵盐、亚硝酸盐浓度相较于对照组有明显降低的趋势(P0.05)。添加远高于现场可有效去除赤潮生物用量(4—10g/m~2)的改性粘土并没有导致大西洋鲑出现死亡现象,显微观察结果显示,实验组与对照组中大西洋鲑鱼鳃、消化道组织特征无明显差别。对大西洋鲑鳃、肝脏、消化道的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定结果表明,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑造成显著的氧化胁迫(P0.05)。本研究结果说明,在远高于现场有效用量条件下,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑产生不良影响,该研究结果将为改性粘土治理有害藻华技术在国内外养殖海域的应用提供科学依据。     

离体培养的虫黄藻(Symbiodinium voratum)对温度和光照的生理响应

虫黄藻是珊瑚礁生态系统中最主要的初级生产者,并在珊瑚礁的建造过程中起着关键作用。为探究虫黄藻对温度和光照的生理响应,本研究以E型虫黄藻（Symbiodinium voratum）为实验对象,通过室内培养,并结合谢尔福德耐受性定律建立了基于温度的虫黄藻生长速率的耐受性模型。结果显示：E型虫黄藻在光强90μE培养下,最适生长温度为22.56℃,适温范围为16.72—28.40℃;温度培养实验中,23℃时,虫黄藻中有机碳（C）、氮（N）积累最多; 27℃时,虫黄藻PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率（F_v/F_m）显著高于其余两个温度组;光照培养实验中,E型虫黄藻在温度23℃培养下,光强的适宜范围为100—200μE;并通过提高细胞内叶绿素a含量和F_v/F_m两种方式应对外界光照不足。     

环境胁迫对鱼类生理机能的影响

综述了环境胁迫的类型以及胁迫条件下鱼类的生理状态及其变化规律,认为鱼类对胁迫的适应反应从神经内分泌活动变化开始,激素含量变化是鱼类应激的敏感指标,血液指标在鱼类应激检测中有较高的应用价值。     

刚毛柽柳群落特征及其生态、生理适应性

对新疆境内柽柳属植物的分布与群落类型进行了研究,结果表明:①刚毛柽柳喜盐、耐水湿,多分布在河流两岸、湖沼边缘等地下水位较高、盐分较重的地区,并形成以其为建群种的盐漠;②群落植物组成贫乏,以古地中海退却过程中发展起来的地中海至中亚成分为主,多为旱生植物或盐地植物;③在前人工作基础之上,根据群落种类组成与生境相结合的分析结果,将刚毛柽柳群落划分为3大群丛组;④刚毛柽柳对盐碱生境的适应是由于体内具有某些生理调节功能,如通过积累渗透调节物质Pro、调控离子通道、调节细胞膜透性、降低水势等多种途径来抵抗水分胁迫,通过根部拒盐、体内耐盐及泌盐腺泌盐来达到耐盐碱的目的;⑤刚毛柽柳盐漠属于比较脆弱的生态系统,仅具有相对稳定性,要加以保护。