宁夏春季降水及其典型年份水汽通量特征分析

选用1961—2006年宁夏19个主要站降水量分析宁夏春季降水的气候特征,得出其存在16 a左右的长周期和8 a左右的短周期,但年际、年代际变化特征不明显。宁夏春季降水量与春季首场透雨出现日期存在显著的负相关关系,春季如果出现首场透雨,其降水量对整个春季降水量贡献很大。研究春季降水典型旱涝年850—700 hPa水汽通量场的分布,发现影响宁夏春季降水的水汽有两支,一支是来自于孟加拉湾洋面上向东北方向输送的水汽,一支是从里海沿我国新疆地区向东输送的水汽,典型涝年这两支水汽带汇合区域明显向北抬,且汇合区域大,中心值大;典型旱年这两支水汽带汇合区偏西、偏小,中心值也较平均年减小。典型旱涝年水汽通量在u方向差别不大,但在v方向上呈反位向分布,典型涝年宁夏为正距平控制,典型旱年为负距平控制。     

Cosmic rays from remnants of quasars?

Considerations of the collision losses for protons traversing the 2.7-K blackbody microwave radiation field have led to the conclusion that the highest energy cosmic rays, those observed at ≥10²⁰ eV, must come from sources within the present epoch. In light of this constraint, it is here suggested that these particles may be accelerated near the event horizons of spinning supermassive black holes associated with presently inactive quasar remnants. The required emf is generated by the black hole induced rotation of externally supplied magnetic field lines threading the horizon. Producing the observed flux of the highest energy cosmic rays would constitute a negligible drain on the black hole dynamo. Observations with upcoming air shower arrays and space missions may lead to the identification of candidate dormant galaxies that harbour such black holes. Although the highest energy events observed so far are accounted for within the context of this scenario, a spectral upper bound at ∼10²¹ eV is expected since the acceleration to higher energies appears to be precluded, on general grounds.     

Mass function of dormant black holes and the evolution of active galactic nuclei

Under the assumption that accretion on to massive black holes (BHs) powers active galactic nuclei (AGNs), the mass function (MF) of the BHs responsible for their past activity is estimated. For this, we take into account not only the activity related to the optically selected AGNs, but also that required to produce the hard X-ray background (HXRB). The MF of the massive dark objects (MDOs) in nearby quiescent galaxies is computed by means of the most recent results on their demography. The two mass functions match well under the assumption that the activity is concentrated in a single significant burst with λ L L _Edd being a weakly increasing function of luminosity. This behaviour may be indicative of some level of recurrence and/or of accretion rates insufficient to maintain the Eddington rates in low-luminosity/low-redshift objects. Our results support the scenario in which the early phase of intense nuclear activity occurred mainly in early-type galaxies (E/S0) during the relatively short period in which they still had an abundant interstellar medium. Only recently, with the decline of the quasi-stellar object (QSO) luminosities, did the activity in late‐type galaxies (Sa/Sab) become statistically significant.     

Optical spectroscopy of GX 339−4 during the high–soft and low–hard states – I

We carried out spectroscopic observations of the candidate black hole binary GX 339−4 during its low–hard and high–soft X-ray states. We have found that the spectrum is dominated by emission lines of neutral elements with asymmetric, round-topped profiles in the low–hard state. In the high–soft state, however, the emission lines from both neutral and ionized elements have unambiguously resolved double-peaked profiles. The detection of double-peaked emission lines in the high–soft state, with a larger peak separation for higher ionization lines, indicates the presence of an irradiatively heated accretion disc. The round-topped lines in the low–hard state are probably caused by a dense matter outflow from an inflated non-Keplerian accretion disc. Our data do not show velocity modulations of the line centres caused by the orbital motion of the compact object, neither do the line basewidths show substantial variations in each observational epoch. There are no detectable absorption lines from the companion star. All these features are consistent with those of a system with a low-mass companion star and low orbital inclination.     

新疆形变固体潮观测与中强地震关系的初步研究

分析了新疆几个形变台潮汐因子的时间分布及震兆异常特征,认为震兆异常的统计关系为：异常范围随着震级的增大而增大,5级地震前可能在100km范围出现异常,5．5级左右的地震可能达250km．而8级地震的异常范围则达到1000km以上;异常持续时间与震级呈正比关系,5级地震异常持续1～5个月,6级地震3～7个月;异常幅度与观测仪器的精度及环境干扰关系密切;部分台的γm2值受格值影响较大,在异常判定前必须做相关分析。     

短钝溞（Daphnia obtusa Kurz)在碳酸盐型水体中的移植驯化与培养

从西太湖梅梁湾分离出野生水华微囊藻,得到水华微囊藻在半固体培养基上的纯藻株。研究太湖水华微囊藻在室内不同氮,磷浓度下的生长特征,发现在氮浓度在１７ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１,磷逍度为１．７ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１左右进,微囊藻日增长率最大。比较自然状态和室内培养条件下微囊藻的生长情况,可知野生微囊藻一般能形成较大的群体,室内液体培养基的营养盐浓度远高于野外,却难以得到大群体微微藻,从此实验结果来看,营养盐浓度与微囊藻在     

Solute transport by surface runoff from low‐angle slopes: theory and application

The removal of chemicals in solution by overland flow from agricultural land has the potential to be a significant source of chemical loss where chemicals are applied to the soil surface, as in zero tillage and surface‐mulched farming systems. Currently, we lack detailed understanding of the transfer mechanism between the soil solution and overland flow, particularly under field conditions. A model of solute transfer from soil solution to overland flow was developed. The model is based on the hypothesis that a solute is initially distributed uniformly throughout the soil pore space in a thin layer at the soil surface. A fundamental assumption of the model is that at the time runoff commences, any solute at the soil surface that could be transported into the soil with the infiltrating water will already have been convected away from the area of potential exchange. Solute remaining at the soil surface is therefore not subject to further infiltration and may be approximated as a layer of tracer on a plane impermeable surface. The model fitted experimental data very well in all but one trial. The model in its present form focuses on the exchange of solute between the soil solution and surface water after the commencement of runoff. Future model development requires the relationship between the mass transfer parameters of the model and the time to runoff to be defined. This would enable the model to be used for extrapolation beyond the specific experimental results of this study. The close agreement between experimental results and model simulations shows that the simple transfer equation proposed in this study has promise for estimating solute loss to surface runoff. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

野生型与红色型坛紫菜杂交嵌合体及选育的研究

以坛紫菜Porphyra haitanensis的红色型为父本,野生型为母本进行杂交,获得了不同色泽嵌合和不同嵌合方式的突变体;从中挑选出4株典型的嵌合体进行单株培养,并通过体细胞酶解,获得完整的单色突变体,然后对这些藻体进行生长发育和经济性状的比较,其结果如下:(1)杂交嵌合体的类型:红色和绿色嵌合、红色和褐黄色嵌合、翠绿色和野生色嵌合、红色和橘黄色嵌合;(2)嵌合的方式:斑点状嵌合、条状嵌合、线状嵌合、"V"字型嵌合和片状嵌合等;(3)各单色突变体的生长差异显著,红色突变体的藻体长度和鲜重增长较快,3~4 cm的幼苗在实验室培养11~15 d,日增长量为8.5~9.6 cm/d,日增重(鲜重)为0.120~0.128 g/d,明显高于其他突变体,具有较好的杂交优势和生产应用前景;(4)在高温26~31℃培养各单色突变体,耐高温能力较强的是红色突变体和绿色突变体,两者在29℃时培养10 d和30℃时培养6~7 d时,叶片出现点状腐烂,但整株藻体仍完整;褐绿色突变体和传统栽培对照组的藻体对高温的耐受能力较差,在26℃培养6 d以上就完全腐烂.以上研究结果可为坛紫菜杂交嵌合体生物学研究以及杂交优势品系的选育提供科学参考.     

节理岩体强度特征研究综述

随着岩体工程建设规模的加大,对节理岩体的研究提出了更高的要求,需要对节理岩体强度及其相关问题有全新的认识。在认真总结国内外节理岩体理论与试验研究的基础上,以节理岩体强度为主线,详细论述了理论强度准则、经验强度准则及其与强度有关的节理岩体试验、本构、数值模拟等内容,指出了节理岩体需进一步研究的几个关键问题。      

基于等角边界距离相似性的遥感影像面状图斑匹配研究

基于形态特征的目标匹配是地图空间认知、地表位置自动感知等领域的重要方法。然而,由于不同数据源的遥感影像提取的同一个空间目标在空间尺度和局部形态上存在一定的差异,现有形态匹配算法难以获得较高的匹配精度。本文以等角边界距离编码及相似性算法为核心,提出了面向遥感影像的面状图斑匹配方法。(1)从面目标的质心以10°为间隔,顺时针方向从质心向外引36条射线,获取面目标的边缘点,形成等角边界距离编码;(2)提出了与该编码相适应的几个综合形态指标,包括自相似度、圆形度、形态复杂度和质心偏移度,并建立了面状图斑相似度算法;在此基础上,结合近邻目标的形态相似度,构建了遥感影像面状图斑匹配算法;(3)从不同数据源的在线遥感影像上提取中国西部湖泊与全球湖泊,开展面状图斑匹配实验。通过实验,发现本文的面状图斑相似度算法相对于按距离采样的相似度算法,召回率提升了13.8%;在添加近邻目标相似度约束的基础上,面状图斑匹配精度达到90%以上。通过算法适应性分析,发现该算法在一定的投影变形下仍能保持一定的匹配精度;如果空间目标及其邻域目标的总体形态和分布接近,不同空间尺度的匹配精度保持在80%以上。本文的研究为地图空...