富宁两次大暴雨的对比研究

对比云南富宁2001年“8·25”与2004年“5·15”两次大暴雨过程前后的雨量分布、灾情、大气环流背景,以及反映大气水汽、热力、动力条件的部分物理量场,分析它们在两次过程中的异同点,讨论各类条件对暴雨落区的指示性情况,并对“5·15”过程的雷达回波资料作简单的定量分析。     

乌鲁木齐市低空温度层结与采暖期大气污染的关系

为了找出乌鲁木齐市低空逆温对大气污染的影响规律,为治理和预测大气污染提供科学依据,利用2000年6月至2006年4月的乌鲁木齐市空气污染监测资料和气象站的探空、地面资料,分析了大气污染与逆温的对应特征。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市低空逆温的出现频率与大气污染指数具有相似的时间分布特征。采暖期空气污染指数API值越大,相对应出现逆温日的比例越高,以贴地逆温多;在污染源排放量一定的情况下,大气中污染物浓度与低空逆温层厚度、逆温层底高、逆温层顶底温差有显著的统计关系,而与逆温层中的逆温强度统计关系不显著。随着逆温层底高度降低,逆温层平均顶高、厚度、逆温层顶底温差的增大,日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温的降低,污染级别呈增加趋势;在采暖期同一时段内,要达到同样的污染级别,悬浮逆温日污染物容纳量比贴地逆温大,贴地逆温更容易造成空气污染;在污染物排放量相同的情况下,污染的程度主要取决于悬浮逆温层的底高和厚度及持续日数。     

社会物理学视角下中国农村工业时空演化——以河南省芝田村为例

以五次实地调研为基础,对农村工业从民国初期至今进行阶段划分并总结其阶段特征;运用折射定律、万有引力定律定量分析工农效率及折射率,验证了微观尺度上可以反映更大尺度运行状况的理论假设。结果表明:(1)工业相对于农业有更高的效率。(2)引力与距中心村(镇)二次方正相关。(3)波动伴随工业发展的整个过程。国家政策在早期起主导作用;随着时间发展,外界经济环境逐渐成为决定性因素。(4)私有企业比集体企业折射率高是集体企业改制的主要原因,但前者承受经济风险的能力明显低于后者。(5)工农折射率与企业规模呈正相关。(6)企业组织效率:集群>集聚>分散。产业集群是农村工业发展的方向。在工业发展的初期,效率与企业规模之间存在指数增长关系,但随着向更高阶段的演进,将产生自我抑制作用。     

甘肃省张掖丹霞与彩色丘陵地貌的形成与景观特征

对发育在甘肃省张掖市境内祁连山山麓、白垩系中下统碎屑岩地层中的丹霞地貌与彩色丘陵形成的地层、构造、地貌、古地理环境和外动力条件进行了分析;将该地的丹霞地貌划分为窗棂状宫殿式、柱状式和巷谷式三类不同的地貌景观群,并分别描述了各类丹霞地貌和彩色丘陵的景观特征;从景观的典型性、美学价值、科考价值、观赏价值四个方面评价了丹霞地貌与彩色丘陵的科教旅游价值;认为张掖丹霞地貌既有南方丹霞之秀美、又有北方雅丹之雄浑,彩色丘陵色彩斑斓、绚丽多姿、气势宏大,这两种奇特的地貌景观相互衬托,成为国内独特的地质遗迹,具有极高的观赏价值和重要的科研价值,是旅游观光、绘画摄影、科普教育、科学研究和考察的最佳场所。     

Intermediate-mass black holes and ultraluminous X-ray sources in the Cartwheel ring galaxy

Chandra and XMM–Newton observations of the Cartwheel galaxy show ∼17 bright X-ray sources  (≳5 × 10³⁸ erg s⁻¹)  , all within the gas-rich outer ring. We explore the hypothesis that these X-ray sources are powered by intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) accreting gas or undergoing mass transfer from a stellar companion. To this purpose, we run N -body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of the galaxy interaction which might have led to the formation of Cartwheel, tracking the dynamical evolution of two different IMBH populations: halo and disc IMBHs. Halo IMBHs cannot account for the observed X-ray sources, as only a few of them cross the outer ring. Instead, more than half of the disc IMBHs are pulled in the outer ring as a consequence of the galaxy collision. However, also in the case of disc IMBHs, accretion from surrounding gas clouds cannot account for the high luminosities of the observed sources. Finally, more than 500 disc IMBHs are required to produce ≲15 X-ray sources via mass transfer from very young stellar companions. Such number of IMBHs is very large and implies extreme assumptions. Thus, the hypothesis that all the observed X-ray sources in Cartwheel are associated with IMBHs is hardly consistent with our simulations, even if it is still possible that IMBHs account for the few (≲1–5) brightest ultraluminous X-ray sources.     

从Lacoste－Romberg重力仪零位移特性的分析论提高观测精度的途径

零位校正误差是重力仪除标定以外最主要的误差来源.本文根据作者数年来从事高精度重力勘探工作中所积累的资料,对此问题进行了较为全面客观的分析研究.(l)对Lacoste-Romberg重力仪的正常零位变化和零位突变特性提出了分析结论;(2)对实测资料采用动、静分高处理方法,分析了重力仪连续工作时(数日至数十日)由于零位非线性变化可能引起的零位校正误差;(3)通过对实测资料的分析计算,得到了零位突变对重力仪观测精度影响的参考值;(4)针对重力仪使用中的实际问题提出了改善零位移线性度的实施对策.     

四川省青川县碾子村清岭沟泥石流特征及防灾对策

清岭沟位于四川省青川县碾子村五社,该区工程地质条件复杂。＂5.12＂地震后沟内出现大量崩塌落石和松散堆积物,为泥石流的爆发提供了充足的物源,2008年8月清岭沟地区发生连续强降雨,8月25日清岭沟爆发了泥石流。目前沟源及沟道两侧发育一处规模较大的潜在不稳定斜坡、三处规模较大的危岩体、一处形成于＂5.12＂地震期间的崩塌堆积物,一旦遭遇暴雨等不良地质作用这些潜在物源极易失稳,成为清岭沟泥石流的物源,使清岭沟再次发生泥石流灾害,威胁清岭沟下游村落及公路。通过野外对清岭沟进行地质调查、室内试验和动力学特征分析提出了UX—150型泥石流栅栏、拦砂坝、排导槽和桥涵改造的综合治理措施。     

对流层高层偏北气流在梅雨暴雨中的作用

文中对江淮梅雨暴雨过程中的高低空流场特征及物理过程进行分析。结果表明:对流层上部青藏高原东侧常有高空偏北大风轴汇入南亚东风急流中。在这支强北风轴北端发现高空辐散和辐散的增长。亦即有利于低层辐合上升的持续、发展和加强;表明了低层西南急流与高空青藏高压东侧的偏北强风轴之间的次级环流圈,有利于梅雨暴雨的持续。     

Substorm observations in the early morning sector with Equator-S and Geotail

Data from Equator-S and Geotail are used to study the dynamics of the plasma sheet observed during a substorm with multiple intensifications on 25 April 1998, when both spacecraft were located in the early morning sector (03–04 MLT) at a radial distance of 10–11 R_E. In association with the onset of a poleward expansion of the aurora and the westward electrojet in the premidnight and midnight sector, both satellites in the morning sector observed plasma sheet thinning and changes toward a more tail-like field configuration. During the subsequent poleward expansion in a wider local time sector (20−04 MLT), on the other hand, the magnetic field configuration at both satellites changed into a more dipolar configuration and both satellites encountered again the hot plasma sheet. High-speed plasma flows with velocities of up to 600 km/s and lasting 2–5 min were observed in the plasma sheet and near its boundary during this plasma sheet expansion. These high-speed flows included significant dawn-dusk flows and had a shear structure. They may have been produced by an induced electric field at the local dipolarization region and/or by an enhanced pressure gradient associated with the injection in the midnight plasma sheet.