认识生态未知物:用统计系统方法研究生物多样性

包括变性梯度凝胶电泳实验、16S rDNA克隆库、DNA生物芯片在内的分子生物学技术表明在自然环境中物种存在极端多样性。这些种类绝大多数都是不可培养的,不能完全了解其特征。通常运用Shannon和Simpson的经验参数来评估多样性。这些参数依赖于样品的大小r不可靠。目前3种有效途径,即参数评估、非参数评估和系统多样性评估来解决生物多样性问题,同时和分子学技术相结合,三者可以增加种群数以及多样性评估的正确性,并可以在不同群落间进行严格比照。     

胶东半岛果园TM影像信息的提取决策树方法

本文选取胶东半岛最具代表性的5个果品县(市)为研究区,以Landsat TM影像数据为分类影像,尝试提取果园信息。选用可以"无缝"融入多种辅助信息的决策树分类方法,综合NDVI、地形地貌和缨帽变换等多种辅助信息,利用年内物候变化最大的果园与背景地物的光谱差异,进行果园信息提取;利用SPOT影像以及野外考察资料作为检验样本进行精度验证。表明综合多种辅助信息,利用决策树分类法提取TM影像果园信息可行且准确性较高。     

全国地震应急视频会议系统组会模式

介绍点点结构、网状结构和树结构视频会议组会模式技术特点,及在地震应急中存在的问题;结合地震应急视频会议系统发展需求及在不同应用状态(单点连接、多省连接、市县连接、现场连接及应急演练)下的实际应用效果,探讨星形结构和两级树结构在地震应急视频会议中的技术优势,指出现有地震应急视频会议系统平台技术瓶颈及可能解决途径.     

横向各向同性介质中地震波走时模拟

横向各向同性介质是地球内部广泛分布的一种各向异性介质.针对这种介质,我们对各向同性介质的最小走时树走时模拟方法进行了推广,推广后的方法可适用于非均匀、对称轴任意倾斜的横向各向同性介质模型.为保证计算效率,最小走时树的构建采用了一种子波传播区域随地震波传播动态变化的改进算法.对于弱各向异性介质,我们使用了一种新的地震波群速度近似表示方法,该方法基于用射线角近似表示相角的思想,对3种地震波（qP, qSV和qSH）均有较好的精度.应用本文地震波走时模拟方法对均匀介质、横向非均匀介质模型进行了计算,并将后者结果与弹性波方程有限元方法的模拟结果进行了对比,结果表明两者符合得很好.本文方法可用于横向各向同性介质的深度偏移及地震层析成像的深入研究.     

基于决策树的蓬莱市土地覆盖信息提取

以蓬莱市为研究区,对TM影像经过预处理后,进行典型地物的光谱分析。在此基础上,运用决策树分类法,选取影像的光谱特征值、NDWI值、NDVI值、K—T变换信息和DEM值等数据作为测试变量,选择适当阈值设定判别规则,建立决策树模型进行土地利用覆盖信息提取并做出精度评价。将其提取精度与监督分类结果精度进行比较,结果表明其分类精度有很大提高,尤其在研究区是丘陵地形的情况下,DEM数据的使用使林地、果园的可分性大大加强。     

红螯螯虾网格蛋白轻链的克隆及制备抗体的检测

网格蛋白为三脚蛋白复合体,其介导的内吞作用是病毒侵染细胞的常用途径之一.而对虾白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是对虾养殖业的主要病原,为了研究分析WSSV的侵染机制及进入宿主细胞的途径,在本研究中,克隆得到红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)网格蛋白轻链的c DNA全长,并将其命名为Cq CLC(Genbank登录号为KR075008).进化树分析表明,其与黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的网格蛋白轻链进化距离较近.此外,在其蛋白序列中选择抗原性较好的片段合成多肽,并以此制备单克隆抗体,而后经免疫荧光和western blot检测从中筛选出具有特异性的抗体,为进一步对WSSV侵染虾细胞机制及入胞途径的研究奠定了基础.     

Impacts of the local land-use system in a semi-arid region of northeastern China on soil properties, crop growth, and weed communities

We examined changes in soil properties, crop biomass, and weed communities in the Horqin Sandy Land of China to elucidate cropland degradation. We studied three local cropland types having periods of cultivation of up to 20 years: maize cropland on lowlands without irrigation (nonirrigated lowland), maize cropland on flat sandy lands with irrigation (irrigated flatland), and bean-centered cropland on sand dunes without irrigation (nonirrigated dunes). Soil properties and crop biomass were more degraded in nonirrigated lowland and nonirrigated dunes than in irrigated flatland. Weed communities in the nonirrigated croplands were the type that become established in drier conditions, whereas wetland weeds were more abundant on irrigated flatland. Trends of change in each indicator did not always occur in parallel and differed statistically among the cropland types. Monitoring these indicators within the context of local land-use systems can provide scientific evidence on which to base local management practices or recommendations for change.     

小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势空间差异性的影响

本文以云南省蒙自市断陷盆地高原面上典型封闭式岩溶洼地小流域为研究对象,研究小降雨事件对土壤水分及植物水势的影响。结果表明:（1）在研究区内小降雨事件一般只能补给10 cm以上的土壤,因此在旱季（强降雨事件发生前）,土壤水分随着深度的增加整体呈变小的趋势;受洼地地形影响,整个土壤剖面（0 ~ 80 cm）的土壤水分存在从坡顶到洼地底部逐渐增加,苹果树叶水势逐渐升高的现象;受地质背景的影响,土石质坡地平均土壤水分比石质坡地土壤水分高2.67%,相对应的土石质坡地苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度要低于石质坡地。（2）通过观测对比发现,8天内12次的小降雨事件可以使0~10 cm土壤水分整体上略有升高,但并未能完全改变0~10 cm土壤水分洼地底部大于两侧坡地,而土石质坡地高于石质坡地的特征。（3）小降雨事件虽然只能补给0~10 cm的土壤水分,但由于坡地地区苹果树根系分布较浅（5~30 cm）,部分浅层分布的苹果树根系已能吸收到水分,另一方面小降雨事件具有降温、增湿,减少太阳辐射的作用,可以减小苹果树蒸腾作用,从而降低苹果树叶水势,因此推测小雨事件可以明显减轻苹果树受干旱胁迫的程度      

基于多源遥感数据的城市变化监测研究——以郑州市为例

遥感技术以其具有宏观、快速、准确、及时等特点为城市变化趋势分析提供了快速便捷的途径。选取郑州市1988年TM、2001年ETM+和2007年CBERS遥感数据,经过一系列数据预处理后,采用决策树分类算法,进行基于知识遥感分类及专题图的制作。对分类结果利用土地利用结构变化、动态变化率、转移矩阵等指标进行变化分析,分析结果揭示了不同时期城市扩张与植被、水体和农村居民点的变化关系,对于地区土地可持续利用具有重要参考作用。研究数据表明,20年来郑州市城市用地以年均8%的速度增长,植被减少25%,水体减少30%。     

Forest inventories by LiDAR data: A comparison of single tree segmentation and metric-based methods for inventories of a heterogeneous temperate forest

Inventories of temperate forests of Central Europe mainly rely on terrestrial measurements. Rapid alterations of forests by disturbances and multilayer silvicultural systems increasingly challenge the use of conventional plot based inventories, particularly in protected areas. Airborne LiDAR offers an alternative or supplement to conventional inventories, but despite the possibility of obtaining such remote sensing data, its operational use for broader areas in Central Europe remains experimental. We evaluated two methods of forest inventory that use LiDAR data at the landscape level: the single tree segment-based method and an area-based method. We compared a set of structural forest attributes modeled by these methods with a conventional forest inventory of the highly heterogeneous forest of the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany), which partially includes stands affected by severe natural disturbances. Area-based models were accurate for all structural attributes, with cross-validated average root mean squared error ranging from ∼3.4 to ∼13.4 in the best modeling case. The coefficients of variation for the mapped area-based estimations were mostly minor. The area-based estimations were varied but highly correlated (Pearson’s correlations between ∼ 0.56 and 0.85) with single tree segmentation estimations; undetected trees in the single tree segmentat-based method were the main sources of inconsistency. The single tree segment-based method was highly correlated (∼ 0.54 to 0.90) with data from ground-based forest inventories. The single tree-based algorithm delivered highly reliable estimates for a set of forest structural attributes that are of interest in forest inventories at the landscape scale. We recommend LiDAR forest inventories at the landscape scale in both heterogeneous commercial forests and large protected areas in the central European temperate sites.