New species of aetideopsis sars and bradyidius giesbrecht (copepoda: Calanoida) from the southern hemisphere

Three new species of calanoid copepod in the family Aetideidae are described, two in Aetideopsis Sars, 1903 and the third in Bradyidius Giesbrecht, 1897. One Aetideopsis species is from off South West Africa (south‐east Atlantic), the remaining species are from the east coast of New Zealand (south‐west Pacific). The genus Pseudaetideus Wolfenden, 1904 is merged with Aetideopsis.     

Micronutrient effects on cyanobacterial growth and physiology

Trace metals play crucial roles in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Physiological responses to metal limitation and toxicity in culture have shown that iron is important for photosynthesis and energy distribution in the cell while both iron and molybdenum are biochemically involved in nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is also relatively sensitive to copper toxicity. Consequently, factors that affect the supply rate, chemical speciation, or the recycling of trace metals can alter patterns of primary productivity and nitrogen metabolism. Overall, three trace metal dependent processes may contribute towards dominance: efficient use of limiting light, nitrogen fixation, and production of extracellular iron binding compounds.     

珊瑚藻在珊瑚礁发育过程中的作用

珊瑚藻是钙化红藻中的主要类群,是珊瑚礁中的重要组分,并在珊瑚礁发育过程中发挥重要作用：1）珊瑚藻为珊瑚礁体建造提供大量的钙质物源,壮大了珊瑚礁钙质体;2）珊瑚藻具强依附粘结等作用,能将破碎的生物残体等进行裹覆胶合和绑结,构建成抵御强风浪的珊瑚礁体格架;3）珊瑚藻坚硬的钙质面为珊瑚幼虫的附着生长提供硬质基底;4）珊瑚藻通过光合作用,提升珊瑚礁生态系统的能量流动;5）珊瑚藻的高初级生产力,维持珊瑚礁生态系统的高效物质循环。当前珊瑚藻的研究重点包括珊瑚藻对全球变暖、海洋酸化等环境胁迫的响应,以及珊瑚藻的群落结构、种类多样性、时空变化与环境变化的关系等。对珊瑚藻的深入研究将有助于揭示其在珊瑚礁生态系统中的多重功能。     

Plankton of lake Ototoa,a sand‐dune lake in Northern New Zealand

The seasonal cycles of abundance of the phytoplankton and zooplankton in Lake Ototoa, Northland, at 36° 31 S, 174° 14 E, are described. Concentrations of chlorophyll a were low (range 0.04–4.61 mg.m^‐3; mean 0.97 mg.m^‐3), and highest values were in winter. Phytoplankton densities were also low; an oligo‐trophic diatom‐desmid assemblage associated with Botryococcus, Dinobryon, and Svhaerocyslis was found.

The zooplankton was dominated by the calanoid copepod Calamoecia lucasi whose numbers remained fairly constant throughout the year, and the only other copepod found was the cyclopoid Mesocyclops leuckarti which was present in very low numbers. Bosmina meridionalis was the only limnetic cladoceran and was most abundant during autumn and spring. A number of rotifer species were also common.     

生物胺对赤潮藻生长的影响作用初探

选取东海赤潮高发区常见的两种甲藻[东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)]和两种硅藻[中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、海链藻(Thalassiosirasp.)],以2-苯基乙胺、腐胺、亚精胺、精胺四种赤潮水体中常见的生物胺为因素,设置0、5、25、100nmol/L四个浓度水平,进行L16(45)正交添加培养实验。根据Logistic生长模型进行曲线拟合,分析得到的生长参数。结果显示,不同的生物胺对各赤潮藻生长影响的大小、趋势均存在差异。其中,2-苯基乙胺对四种赤潮藻的生长影响最显著。高浓度的2-苯基乙胺对中肋骨条藻的生长具有明显的抑制作用,对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长具有明显的促进作用。多胺物质(腐胺、亚精胺和精胺)对甲藻(东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻)生长的促进作用大于硅藻(海链藻和中肋骨条藻)。多胺中的亚精胺对塔玛亚历山大藻和海链藻的生长影响最大,精胺对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻的生长影响最大。多胺可能是2010年东海赤潮由中肋骨条藻向东海原甲藻演替的一个诱导因素,其中精胺可能发挥的作用较大。     

Mass stranding of molluscs at Te Waewae bay,southland, New Zealand (note)

A stranding of shellfish on the beach at Te Waewae Bay, Southland, occurred during a period of very cold, stormy weather in September 1970. More than 20 million shellfish were stranded, the majority being Mactra discors Gray. It is suggested that the cause was a combination of Strong inshore winds and low air temperatures, coupled with an increased flow of fresh, cold water across the beach.     

Factors affecting clarity of New Zealand lakes

Average values of inherent optical properties for the 400–700 nm waveband were estimated from quantum irradiance measurements on 27 New Zealand lakes of diverse optical character, using published nomograms. Secchi disc depths, turbidity, algal pigment, non‐volatile suspended solids, and absorption by membrane‐filtered samples at 440 nm (g 440 ) were also measured. Turbidity (NTU) correlated closely with the scattering coefficient (m^‐1) and these quantities were almost numerically equal, as found in other studies. The data were found to conform to an expression in the oceanographic literature relating Secchi disc depth to the beam attenuation and diffuse attenuation coefficients. Specific beam attenuation, scattering, and absorption coefficients were estimated from the coefficients of linear multiple regressions of the measured total coefficients on the variables: total pigment (chlorophyll a + phaeopigment), non‐volatile suspended solids, and g 440. The estimated values were in reasonable agreement with similar specific coefficients reported in the oceanographic literature. The coefficients provide a basis for predicting clarity in new impoundments or for predicting the effects of loading changes (e.g., of nutrients) on the clarity of existing lakes. The coefficients can be used for classifying lake waters into different optical types.     

现代生物物质生烃机制动力学研究

对浮游藻和底栖藻进行了生烃动力学分析,结合热模拟实验和元素分析研究表明,浮游藻和底栖藻富含S、O、N等杂原子,生烃活化能普遍很低,生烃平均活化能为220 kJ/mol左右,开始生烃活化能小于184 kJ/mol,分别于251 kJ/mol和255 kJ/mol时达到90%生烃转化率,能在未熟、低熟期大量生烃。但浮游藻和底栖藻生烃过程较长,有效生烃（生烃转化率10%～90%）期间活化能跨度较大,分别为59 kJ/mol和71 kJ/mol,生烃温度跨度分别是166.8℃和201.2℃,浮游藻生烃速率快于底栖藻。浮游藻和底栖藻生烃碳转化率是61.77%和34.9%,浮游藻有更强的生烃能力,生烃产物主要是非烃和沥青质,是未熟、低熟油的重要烃源。     

Crescentiella morronensis (Crescenti) (incertae sedis) dominated microencruster association in Lower Cretaceous (lower Aptian) limestones from the Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians,Romania)

Analysis of eight outcrops from Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania) revealed a rich assemblage of encrusting organisms mostly of problematic biological affiliation within platform-margin facies – Crescentiella morronensis, Radiomura cautica, Koskinobullina socialis, Pseudorothpletzella schmidi, Lithocodium aggregatum and bacinellid structures, encrusting calcified sponges (Calcistella jachenhausenensis, Neuropora lusitanica) and foraminifera (Coscinophragma cribrosa). Orbitolinids, calcareous green algae and rudists assign an early Aptian age (Bedoulian) for the studied limestones. In terms of species variety, abundance and structural microfabrics the studied microencruster association show similarity with the Upper Jurassic communities from reef and peri-reefal sedimentary settings. Comparisons with such assemblages are emphasized here. The presence of the sporolithacean and peyssonneliacean red algae (Sporolithon rude and Polystrata alba) contributes also to the construction of superimposed crusts. Even if the known stratigraphic range of the microencrusters is not strictly limited to the late Jurassic, reports of comparable associations in Urgonian-type facies is poorly documented. Therefore, it exemplifies the resistance and flourishing events of many encrusters throughout the Mesozoic.     

南极海冰区冰藻类群及兴衰过程

本文总结了国际上对南极冰藻类群及其生理生态特性的多年研究成果 ,结合我国科学家在南极长城站以及在戴维斯和中山站的越冬研究 ,阐述了南极海冰区的冰藻类群及其形成机理 ,对冰藻的形成、存活、旺发和消亡过程进行讨论 ,并对大洋浮冰区和近岸固定冰区冰藻类群的生态特性进行对比 ,提出了今后有待进一步深入研究的领域