大连湾赤潮异弯藻赤潮的多元分析

赤潮的发生是海水化学与物理因子、海水动力、地理环境、气象条件、历史因素以及浮游生物生态适应性等综合作用的结果,因此,诱发赤潮的因素有很多,其规律也十分复杂·多年来人们从统计学的角度尝试赤潮的预测预报,并做了大量的工作[1~10].赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)是大连湾海域常见的赤潮生物,郭玉洁[1]曾对大连湾赤潮异弯藻分类地位及生物学作过研究.     

On an extremely dense bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in lagoons of the PO river delta: Impact on the environment

An extremely dense bloom of the potentially toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense was observed in the lagoons of Cà Pisani (Veneto, Italy) in summer 1993. The lagoons were experiencing a significant eutrophication impact, receiving waste waters from intensive fish culture plants. During their bloom dinoflagellates in the lagoons reached densities of 2 to 4 × 10⁶ cells·dm⁻³ and a biomass of over 100 g·m⁻³. The bloom produced drastic ecological changes in the lagoons. It caused nocturnal anoxia, mortality of macrophytes and the build-up of labile organic matter in the water column. Grazing by the tintinnid Favella sp. contributed to the termination of the bloom of the flagellates. The results show that coastal aqua culture probably stimulates dinoflagellate blooms in shallow brackish lagoons.     

福建沿岸海域主要赤潮生物的生态学特征

福建沿岸海域是中国的赤潮多发海区之一.据统计,1962～2008年间,福建沿岸海域共发生赤潮180起以上,潜在的赤潮生物有124种,已经引发过赤潮的种类有27种.本文对中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、角毛藻（Chaetocerosspp.）、夜光藻（Noctiluca scintillans）、东海原甲藻（Proro-centrum donghaiense）、米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、裸甲藻（Gymnodinium spp.）和球形棕囊藻（Phaeocystis globosa）等福建沿岸海域主要赤潮生物的生态学特征和发生原因进行了分析和探讨,评述了福建沿岸海域赤潮发生的特点.福建沿岸海域引发赤潮频率最高的赤潮生物是夜光藻,米氏凯伦藻造成的水产养殖损失最大.其赤潮多发季节在春夏季的4～7月.其赤潮多发区主要分布在3个区域：宁德沿岸海域（以四礵列岛为中心）、厦门西港海域和平潭沿岸海域.对福建沿岸海域几种主要赤潮生物的研究表明,赤潮的发生与水温、盐度、气象、水动力、营养盐等环境条件密切相关.     

褐藻中岩藻聚糖和岩藻多糖的结构与功能的研究

褐藻中两种硫酸多糖——岩藻多糖和岩藻聚糖含量丰富。它们在结构上相似而不相同 ,都具有抗凝血、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抑制补体激活、抑制精卵结合、吸收重金属等功能。着重介绍了岩藻聚糖和岩藻多糖在抗凝血、抗肿瘤、抑制补体激活方面的研究进展。     

生物结皮中优势蓝藻胞外多糖对几种荒漠草本植物种子萌发的影响

蓝藻是荒漠生物结皮的重要组成。选取生物结皮中的优势蓝藻(具鞘微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)、眼点伪枝藻(Scytonema ocellatum)、地木耳(Nostoc commune)),通过提取其胞外多糖,研究了不同蓝藻胞外多糖对荒漠植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明:具鞘微鞘藻、眼点伪枝藻的胞外多糖对粗枝猪毛菜(Salsola subcrassa)的种子萌发表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度促进作用,地木耳的胞外多糖仅在高浓度时对粗枝猪毛菜的种子萌发具有促进作用(p<0.05);具鞘微鞘藻胞外多糖对小花荆芥(Nepeta micrantha)种子萌发无明显的影响作用,但眼点伪枝藻和地木耳对小花荆芥种子萌发具有抑制作用。具鞘微鞘藻、眼点伪枝藻和地木耳胞外多糖对琉苞菊(Hyalea pulchella)种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用。藻种胞外多糖组分的差异和不同种子的生物学特性差异可能是造成不同藻种胞外多糖对种子萌发产生不同影响的主要原因。     

Reef building and carbonate production modes in the west-central Tethys during the Cenozoic

Changing components, rock textures, lithofacies, platform types and architecture throughout time are unique characteristics of carbonate rocks. Characterizing these attributes has been approached by 1) building reference models for specific Phanerozoic intervals, 2) recognizing the climatic impact in modulating carbonate production, and 3) analyzing the influence of changing bio-geochemical conditions. The reference-model approach is mostly based on biological evolution, the climatic-impact approach emphasizes temperature, and the bio-geochemical approach considers the changes in Mg/Ca ratios and Ca⁺⁺ concentrations in the oceans. To date, however, an analysis integrating all of these factors is still missing. The analysis presented here includes all these factors but also CO₂, which is fundamental for both photosynthesis and CaCO₃ precipitation.Here we analyze the waxing and waning of Cenozoic reef limestones from the central Tethys region through several steps: 1) on the basis of rock volume, rock textures, associated sediments and light-dependent skeletal components, as records of light penetration and wave energy (depth); 2) on global environmental conditions (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, pCO₂, temperature); and 3) on the basis of functionality, nutritional requirements and available resources.Through the Cenozoic, water motion, whether induced by surface or internal waves or by currents, increased as the thermal gradients strengthened, both with depth and with latitude. Active water motion is essential for plankton catchers such as corals, but less so for many larger benthic foraminifers (LBF). Pycnoclines in the meso-oligophotic zone would then favor the benthic plankton catchers such as corals, but would be detrimental for many LBF. Warm temperatures favored LBF. The Eocene LBF families predominated during lowering of atmospheric pCO₂ by using respiratory CO₂ to enhance the symbiont production of photosynthates under oligotrophic conditions and limited turbulence, whereas the Miocene families had to adapt to a progressive increase in turbulence. The eurythermal coralline red algae, however, became preponderant producers in the mesophotic zone during times when the δ¹³C was relatively high. This explains two apparent paradoxes: 1) corals thrive best when the Earth's high latitudes cool, and 2) the dominance of corals and LBF is inversely correlated, despite they both require tropical conditions and have similar trophic strategies (mixotrophy).     

Brown algae overproduce cell wall polysaccharides as a protection mechanism against the heavy metal toxicity

Brown algae are often used as heavy metal biomonitors and biosorbents because they can accumulate high concentrations of metals. Cation-exchange performed by cell wall polysaccharides is pointed out as the main chemical mechanism for the metal sequestration. Here, we biochemically investigated if the brown alga Padina gymnospora living in a heavy metal contaminated area would modify their polysaccharidic content. We exposed non-living biomass to Cd and Pb and studied the metals adsorption and localization. We found that raw dried polysaccharides, sulfate groups, uronic acids, fucose, mannose, and galactose were significantly higher in contaminated algae compared with the control ones. Metal concentrations adsorbed by non-living biomass were rising comparatively to the tested concentrations. Electron microscopy showed numerous granules in the cell walls and X-ray microanalysis revealed Cd as the main element. We concluded that P. gymnospora overproduces cell wall polysaccharides when exposed to high metal concentrations as a defense mechanism.     

南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的初步分析

本文报道了 1 988年 6 - 1 2月 (结冰期 )南极长城站附近海区冰藻色素的分离、鉴定结果。探讨了该海区冰藻色素的种类组成 ,季节变化以及冰藻色素在海洋生态系中的作用。结果表明 ,该海区冰藻已分离出色素 1 5种 ,可鉴定的有 1 3种 ,分别为 :胡萝卜素 ,脱镁叶绿素 a,叶绿素 a、b、c,叶黄素 ,岩藻黄质 ,脱植基叶绿酸 a,紫黄质 ,脱镁叶绿素 c,叶绿酸 a,叶绿素 c的衍生物 ,di-adinoxanthin,二种色素未能鉴定。该海域冰藻色素具明显的季节变化。     

New Benthic Fossils from the Late Ediacaran Strata of Southwestern China

The Jiangchuan Biota from the Jiucheng Member (Mb.) of the Dengying Formation (Fm.), discovered in Jiangchuan, eastern Yunnan, China, is marked by copious macrofossils at the apex of the Ediacaran strata. This fauna features benthic algae with varied holdfasts and other fossils of indeterminate taxonomic affinity and is compositionally unique compared to the Shibantan and Gaojiashan biotas of the Dengying Fm. and the Miaohe and Wenghui biotas of the Doushantuo Fm., elsewhere in China. One novel benthic saccular macroalgal fossil, named here Houjiashania yuxiensis gen. and sp. nov., from the Jiangchuan Biota is based on fossils that are sausage-shaped, elongate, tubular, ranging from 0.3 to 4 cm in length, and up to 0.8 cm in diameter. One terminus is blunt and rounded to an obtuse angle, the other is bent with a spread-out surface resembling a holdfast, suggesting a three-dimensional thallus. Thin, stipe-shaped outgrowths, likely vestiges of sessile saccular life forms, are prevalent in macroalgal fossils of analogous size and shape, as well as present brown algae Scytosiphonaceae, such as Colpomenia and Dactylosiphon. The new findings augment the diversity of benthic algae, such as those known from the Early Neoproterozoic Longfengshan Biota in North China. The benthic algal macrofossils in the Jiucheng Mb. add to knowledge of Late Ediacaran metaphyte diversification and offer more clues about the evolutionary positioning of primitive macroalgae. The co-occurrence of numerous planktonic and benthic multicellular algae and planktonic microbes might have facilitated ecologically the more extensive later Cambrian explosion evidenced by the Chengjiang Biota in Yunnan.     

氮磷营养变化对钦州湾球形棕囊藻藻体生长的影响

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是我国北部湾海域主要的有害藻华原因种,囊体的生长是藻华发生和持续的关键。为了研究在富营养化日趋严重的钦州湾海域中营养盐输入对球形棕囊藻藻华形成的影响,采集钦州湾含球形棕囊藻的表层海水进行了添加不同营养盐的室内培养实验。根据钦州湾历史调查数据,进行了不同营养盐、不同氮磷比和不同添加方式的培养。结果表明,同时添加氮和磷显著促进浮游植物的生长,球形棕囊藻囊体继浮游植物细胞密度高峰期后大量形成。一次性添加磷对囊体生长的刺激作用较添加氮时强,丰度最高可达4.8×10³ colonies·L^-1,囊体平均直径为(115±84)μm,且具有较高囊体细胞密度,但囊体衰退较快。单独添加氮时,囊体细胞分布稀疏,囊体数量及直径皆较低。每天添加磷的方式相比一次性添加更有利于囊体丰度的维持。总体上,磷营养的添加能刺激囊体数量、囊体细胞数和囊体直径的生长。在具有较高N/P比值的钦州湾,应加强磷的排放管理,避免突发性磷污染对球形棕囊藻囊体生长的刺激作用。