Effects of salinity,temperature, and light intensity on the growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates in mixed culture

Growth rates of two halophilic phytoflagellates, Dunaliella euchlora Lerche and D. salina Teodoresco, were studied in mixed batch cultures grown in filtered, axenic brines from Lake Grassmere, New Zealand. Forty‐five combinations of temperature, salinity, and light intensity were used. A maximum growth rate of 1.50 doublings day^‐1 was attained by D. salina at 26°C, 190 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 126 μE m^‐2 s^‐1. D. euchlora showed maximum growth rate of 1.16 doublings day^‐1 at 20°C, 120 × 10^‐3S at a light intensity of 180 μE m^‐2s^‐1. Predicted maximum values of 1.41 and 1.14 doublings day^‐1 respectively were obtained from regression models based on 45 replicate treatment combinations. In decreasing order of importance, temperature, salinity, and light intensity influence growth rates of brine algae. The optimum temperature for growth of both species increased as the salt concentration increased but decreased with increasing light intensity.     

长江三角洲末次盛冰期的气候波动

通过对长江三角洲东部地区鹤鸣孔第一硬黏土层的孢粉、藻类分析,研究了该地区末次盛冰期的气候波动。结果表明,鹤鸣孔第一硬黏土层含种类较丰富的孢子、花粉和藻类化石,并可以划分为3个孢粉、藻类组合,代表了该地区末次盛冰期气候变化的3个阶段,反映了该地区末次盛冰期并不是一个持续的干冷状况,第一硬黏土层沉积的早期和晚期气候较温暖湿润,针阔叶混交林发育,而中期阶段气候偏冷,植被贫乏。     

The invasion of the intertidal canopy-forming alga Fucus serratus L. to southwestern Iceland: Possible community effects

The intertidal serrated wrack, Fucus serratus L. (Fucales: Phaeophyceae), has become an abundant canopy-forming alga along a ca. 100 km stretch of shore in southwestern Iceland in the last century. Its distribution has not changed noticeably since a survey in 1975/1976. Many experimental studies have shown that canopy-forming algae can have profound effects on the community structure. Although such experiments involving F. serratus are few it was decided to test predictions from these experiments on a geographical scale by comparing community compositions within the area where F. serratus is a dominant algae (since at least 1975/1976) with an adjacent area of similar size where F. serratus is absent (with a single exception without consequences). The work is based on measurements on some 372 stations in the F. serratus area, termed region A, and 227 stations from the F. serratus-free area, termed region B. Percentage cover of algae and sessile invertebrates was estimated on 2 m² on each station and animals collected from 800 cm² from each station. The vertical distribution of F. serratus was most similar to that of Fucus distichus and the two species often grew intermingled on the lower part of the shore. F. serratus appeared to have reduced the cover of F. distichus in the lowermost part of the shore, while having little or no effect on other canopy-forming species. The low abundance of Semibalanus balanoides in the F. serratus area (region A) is in line with experiments showing detrimental effect on this barnacle by whiplash of F. serratus. In general algal grazers were more abundant in region A, consistent with the greater attractiveness of F. serratus than other canopy-forming species to grazers, although this may be partly explained by the abundance of understorey algae in region A.     

铅离子对海洋浮游植物生长影响的研究

采用一次培养实验方法,研究了Pb^2 对8种常见海洋浮游植物生长的影响。在Logistic生长模型的基础上,结合Lorentz方程和GaussAmp方程,引入Pb^2 浓度项,建立新的方程来描述Pb^2 存在条件下海洋浮游植物的生长过程,并且通过对实验数据的非线性拟合,验证该方程是合理的。实验拟合结果表明,高浓度Pb^2 (c(Pb^2 )≥2500μg／L)对浮游植物的生长普遍有抑制作用,而较低浓度Pb^2 (c(Pb^2 )≤100μg／L)则易促进赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiuo Hada)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve)、三角褐指藻(Pheodactylum tricormutum Bohlin)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve)、青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica Kylin var tsingtaoensis)、亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)的生长,它们最佳的促进生长浓度分别为：1991、2523、101、1488、627、509μg／L,但对于海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg)、裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp．)的生长没有明显的影响。应用该方程在一定程度上不仅可以根据浮游植物的生长情况．推测相应海区的Pb^2 污染物浓度;而且也可以预测不同浓度Pb^2 条件下,相应海区的海洋浮游植物的生长情况。     

海洋管藻目绿藻——刺松藻和假根羽藻PSI荧光特异性的研究

采用分离、原位扫描和光谱分析方法,将管藻目录藻刺松藻和假根羽藻的叶绿体、类囊体膜、PSI复合物及其亚复合物的结构及光谱性质与软丝藻和菠菜做了比较。结果表明,管藻止录藻缺少作为高等植物PSI表征的730nm长波荧光,这一特异现象主要与LHCI结构的差异有关。采用PAGE法分离出的4种PSI复合物的荧光主发射峰分别在698、690、685和677nm,在710－715nm处有一个随分子量减小和逐渐明显的肩峰。不同去污剂处理只影响PSI复合荧光峰的高低,而不影响其峰位。PAGE再分离得到的假根羽藻LHCI由24－27．5kDa的4种多肽构成,Chl-a/Chl-b=1.2,77K荧光发射峰在682nm;CCI只含有67和56kDa多肽,是叶绿体715nm荧光的发射部位。当有HLCI存在时,该荧光不明显。     

悬浮泥沙对藻类生长影响的实测与分析

通过对长江下游镇扬段的牛轭湖—内江的泥沙、水质、光强、藻类等进行现场监测和数据分析,探讨了内江悬浮泥沙对水下光强的衰减规律以及对藻类生长的影响。结果表明:内江水体中存在80%以上的粒径小于75μm的微细悬浮颗粒,其中不易沉降的粘土颗粒占到20%～50%左右,枯水期平均含量为40 mg/L,丰水期平均含量为70 mg/L,而藻细胞生物总量基本都在100万个/L以内,其中绿藻、硅藻为优势种。数据分析表明:泥沙对水下光强的衰减遵循指数函数衰减规律,光衰减系数与泥沙含量呈较好的线性相关性,内江的优势种绿藻、硅藻的生物量与泥沙含量呈显著的指数相关。认为,泥沙通过衰减光强间接地抑制藻类繁殖,这一抑制作用可以由泥沙含量和藻细胞密度之间的关系进行定量。     

悬浮沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放及藻类对吸附磷的利用

本文用1987年12月采自平度县大泽山水库的水样和沉积物样品,实验研究了悬浮沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放以及藻类对悬浮沉积物吸附磷的利用。实验证明,悬浮沉积物对PO_4—P的吸附相当迅速,24小时即趋于饱和;绝对吸附量随水中原有PO_4—P浓度和沉积物含量增加而增加,相对吸附量也随水中原有PO_4—P浓度的增加而增加,但随沉积物含量的增加而减少;悬浮沉积物的吸磷或释磷,取决于沉积物吸附的磷量与水中溶存PO_4—P浓度两者的相对关系,在吸附释放平衡条件下,二者的数量变化呈对数相关。藻类培养结果表明,悬浮沉积物吸附磷能被藻类直接利用。据此,作者提出应当用总活性磷,而不是溶解无机磷作为浅水型内陆水域有效磷的指标。     

What can we learn from genomics approaches in marine ecology? From sequences to eco‐systems biology!

The application of genomic approaches to marine biota has profoundly altered our understanding of life in the oceans, especially regarding concepts of adaptation, speciation and evolution. The avalanche of genomic data has provided an unbiased view of marine biology that has never been seen before. In particular, comparative and metagenomic approaches with microbes from different biogeochemical marine provinces provided the first insights into how they acquire and discard genes as needed, even across kingdom boundaries, in response to their environment. These data clearly reveal that marine microbes have remarkable abilities to change their genomes according to both environmental stresses and biotic interactions. Thus, it is most likely that the flux of energy and matter in the marine system is reflected by the presence or absence of genes and proteins in marine organisms, which could provide novel tools to understand biogeochemical processes of global significance. However, the challenge is to put the reductionistic knowledge gained by genomics and metagenomics into the larger contexts of cellular systems and ecosystems to identify emergent properties that could not have been predicted by breaking down the whole into its individual parts.     

不同岩性盐湖沉积物中挥发性有机质的特征

本研究通过不同岩性盐湖沉积物中C/N值,确定其有机质的来源均为藻类,然后采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（GC-IMS）联用技术对不同岩性盐湖沉积物中的挥发性有机质进行了研究。结果显示不同岩性沉积物的挥发性有机质虽然来源相同,但是其种类和含量存在显著差异。在砂岩沉积物中,检测出16种挥发性有机质,而石盐中共检测出30种挥发性有机质。其砂岩样品中未检测出酯类化合物,而检测出的醛类、酮类、醇类以及呋喃类化合物的含量均比石盐中的含量要小,硫化物的含量与石盐中的含量差距较小,但砂岩中酸类物质的含量比石盐中高。这可能是由于在不同沉积时期,湖泊中生产有机质的藻类物质的种类和含量的不同,以及在早期成岩过程中沉积环境对有机质的保存和降解不同所造成的。本文为下一步深入研究挥发性有机质在盐湖沉积物中的地质意义提供了理论指导。     

藻类对重金属污染水体的生物修复

重金属对水体的污染已成为全球性的环境问题, 利用藻类生物修复重金属污染水体, 因 其有效、低廉和环保引起了国内外的广泛重视, 并且取得了一定的成效。本文介绍了藻类修复重 金属废水的应用概况, 总结了多年来在藻类对重金属离子的吸收途径、耐受机理、生物吸附机制、 模型解释及影响因素等方面的研究成果, 同时指出了当前在这些方面尚存的不足, 并就今后继续 筛选、利用生物技术培育对重金属高耐受、高富集性藻类, 进一步探求修复机理以及野外应用方 面的研究。