淮北平原裸地潜水蒸发计算公式比较

依据安徽省五道沟水文试验站观测资料,比较了不同公式在浅埋区黄潮土与砂姜黑土的潜水蒸发计算中的表现.建议使用彭曼公式计算的蒸发能力代替实测水面蒸发以提高拟合效果.对于黄潮土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和幂函数公式计算潜水蒸发.对于砂姜黑土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和反logistic公式计算潜水蒸发,不推荐在淮北地区使用清华大学公式.列出了各公式的拟合参数.     

塔里木盆地北东缘潜水蒸发研究

通过试验,分析了潜水蒸发的特征,潜水蒸发的影响因素有气候条件(如温度、湿度、风速等),潜水埋深和土壤质地、结构及作物植被情况等。运用灰色系统等理论建立了潜水蒸发与埋深关系的GM(1.1)模型和潜水蒸发与面积关系的衰减幂函数模型。     

震后坡面松散堆积体失稳水力学机理研究

为研究震后强降雨条件下沟道泥石流产生的力学机制及水力学机理,以都江堰市龙池镇银洞子泥石流沟为研究对象,构建坡面松散堆积体地下水位变化水力模型,按照水力学渗流理论,分析了震后泥石流形成区坡面松散堆积体内潜水位变化的特征和规律,定量研究了动静水压力对坡体的作用特点。根据理论分析、实例验证与物理模拟试验的研究结果,获得了对坡面松散物源启动力学机理、启动临界条件及启动模式的深刻认识：(1)在强降雨激发作用下,随着坡体内潜水位不断升高,水力条件不断恶化,最终导致坡面松散堆积体发生失稳破坏;(2)堆积体内潜水位高度是坡面面积(S)、稳态降雨强度(I),坡体几何参数、导水系数(T_D)等参数的综合函数,S、I越大,则潜水层厚度(H)越大,反之,当坡面集雨面积和稳态激发降雨强度一定时,导水系数、坡体宽度和潜水面倾角越大,则坡体内产生潜水层垂直厚度越低;(3)随着坡体内静水压力(P)增加,堆积体基底抗滑力将会降低;随着坡体内动水压力(G_d)增加,坡体下滑力将会增加;(4)根据剩余下滑力的存在形式,震后坡面松散堆积体的启动模式可分为2种,即坡体整体启动的推移式失稳...     

A moving‐mesh finite‐volume method to solve free‐surface seepage problem in arbitrary geometries

The main objective of this work is to develop a novel moving‐mesh finite‐volume method capable of solving the seepage problem in domains with arbitrary geometries. One major difficulty in analysing the seepage problem is the position of phreatic boundary which is unknown at the beginning of solution. In the current algorithm, we first choose an arbitrary solution domain with a hypothetical phreatic boundary and distribute the finite volumes therein. Then, we derive the conservative statement on a curvilinear co‐ordinate system for each cell and implement the known boundary conditions all over the solution domain. Defining a consistency factor, the inconsistency between the hypothesis boundary and the known boundary conditions is measured at the phreatic boundary. Subsequently, the preceding mesh is suitably deformed so that its upper boundary matches the new location of the phreatic surface. This tactic results in a moving‐mesh procedure which is continued until the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied at the phreatic boundary. To validate the developed algorithm, a number of seepage models, which have been previously targeted by the other investigators, are solved. Comparisons between the current results and those of other numerical methods as well as the experimental data show that the current moving‐grid finite‐volume method is highly robust and it provides sufficient accuracy and reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

白杨水源地潜水水质的Monte-Carlo随机模拟

对白杨水源地的地质和水文地质条件进行简要论述,在此基础上建立了二维潜水地下水水流和水质的数学模型。根据渭河水位、水质、降水量等随机变量的特征,选取Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ随机模拟方法对水源地潜水的水流和氯离子浓度进行了评价和预测,求出了潜水水位和氯离子浓度的均值及方差,并对氯离子浓度超过１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的概率给出了定量预测,得出了水源地投产后总输水管道中水的氯离子浓度与渭河水中氯离子浓度密切相关等结论。     

碎石土潜水含水层成井工艺研究

从北京市丰台地区第四系潜水含水层的地层岩性结构入手,分析了传统供水管井成井工艺存在的问题,详细研究介绍了孔壁坍塌填砾法成井工艺在实际水井工程项目中的成功应用,取得了较好的增加水井出水量的效果。     

Stability analysis of the downstream slope of a levee

Consideration of the average pore water pressure and average unit weight of soil in the slope of a levee, ignoring the position of phreatic line for stability analysis is not correct. In addition, the influence of a rock-filled portion on the upstream slope, ignored in Kozeny analysis, plays a significant role in the stability of the downstream slope. In this study, levees resting on an impervious base, without a filter and with a filter, taking into consideration a realistic pore water pressure and corresponding seepage force, with unsaturated and saturated unit weights of soil above and below the phreatic line, respectively, by taking into account the capillary effect, location of the inverted filter and rock-filled portion of the upstream slope have been analysed. A numerical technique has been applied to compute the elevation of the phreatic line and a computer program was developed. The appropriate unit weight of soil above and below the phreatic line, taking into consideration the capillary effect, and actual pore water pressure ensure greater safety of the downstream slope. The factor of safety has been found to be 16.5% more for a levee with a filter than a levee without a filter for an upstream pondage depth of 18 m, this is increased by 22.0% in cases where there is an upstream rock-filled portion.     

Effect of earth–air breathing on evaporation of deeply buried phreatic water in extremely arid regions

In extremely arid regions, deeply buried phreatic water evaporates during the daytime from March to November in the northern hemisphere. It has been found that the earth–air undergoes ‘autonomous breathing’ and ‘passive breathing’, respectively caused by the changes of temperature and atmospheric pressure. In this paper, the effects of these breathing modes on phreatic evaporation (PhE) were investigated as well as the responsible mechanisms. Quantitative estimates suggest that the direct contribution from autonomous breathing is only 0.55 g·m⁻²·yr⁻¹. Passive breathing pumps water vapour upwards from the deeply buried phreatic water table. Film water on the soil continuously migrates in pulsation from deep layers to the upper layer. Na₂SO₄ in the shallow soil absorbs moisture from the earth–air at night and decomposes during the day, forming water vapour, which is critical to the occurrence of PhE. The diurnal PhE process can be elucidated in detail by the bimodal variation in the atmospheric pressure. PhE occurs mainly from 10:00 to 17:00 during daytime from March to November, which correlates with passive breathing of the earth–air. The amplitude of atmospheric fluctuation determines the amount of earth–air that outflows, while temperature determines the water vapour concentration. In calculation, PhE is equal to the net absolute humidity (AH) times the amount of earth–air. There is 1.55 mm·year⁻¹ of PhE caused by daily peak→valley differences, and about 2.97 mm·year⁻¹ in estimation caused by numerous atmospheric fluctuations smaller than 2.84 hPa. The results coincide with the actual amount of PhE monitored of 4.52 mm·year⁻¹. Therefore, the amount of PhE is proportional to the range and frequency of fluctuation in external atmospheric pressure, and is also positively related to soil temperature, salt content, water content, porosity, and vadose zone thickness.     

延吉市南部地下水特征浅析

通过对地下水特征的分析认为:延吉市南部丘陵地带白垩系龙井组多旋回碎屑沉积岩风化孔隙、裂隙水,水质良好、水量中等、水质甘甜爽口、含有丰富的对人体有益的微量元素,具有良好的矿泉水开发前景。开发利用地下水资源时应采取:严格控制开采量、建立长期动态观测站、定期采取水样检测、设立卫生环境保护区等保护措施。     

综合利用多种方法确定潜水含水层渗透系数

为确定潜水含水层的渗透系数,施工了一个主抽水井和两个观测井,采用了潜水含水层稳定流完整井多孔、单孔抽水试验的公式法、非稳定流的完整井的半对数直线图解法和基于抽水试验资料处理软件的纽曼模型求参法三种方法进行计算,结果发现各计算方法的结果相差不大,能够相互验证。最后,选取半对数直线图解法的计算结果作为最终计算结果。该研究对潜水含水层渗透系数的计算有一定的参考价值。