沉水植物附植生物膜藻类组成及重金属累积特征

沉水植物表面常富集水体中有机质、泥沙、菌胶团、藻类、微生物等形成附植生物膜,在湖泊生物地球化学循环过程中具有重要作用.在草海选取金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus）和光叶眼子菜（Potamogeton lucens L.）3种不同叶形的沉水植物,研究附植生物膜的形貌结构、理化特征、藻类及其重金属镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）累积特征.结果表明：3种沉水植物附植生物膜上共鉴定出藻类6门8纲17目29科65属81种,主要为蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻,不同附植生物膜藻类功能群组成不同,冗余分析表明,水环境因子能解释藻类功能群变化的88.3%;3种沉水植物附植生物膜铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量变化规律一致,均为：金鱼藻 > 微齿眼子菜 > 光叶眼子菜;附植生物膜中重金属的累积具有选择性,Pb大量累积（11.41~41.31 mg/kg）,Cd累积含量较低（0.59~5.76 mg/kg）且与植物相当（0.44~5.56 mg/kg）,附植生物膜中Pb累积含量与生物膜中隐藻门、硅藻门藻类生物量、Fe、Mn及TN含量呈显著相关,但Cd累积与生物膜各指标均无显著相关性.附植生物膜在草型湖泊污染物归趋转化中的作用值得关注.     

沙坡头地区一年生植物的生理生态特性研究

对腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区一年生植物沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)、刺沙蓬(Salsola ruthenica)和虫实(Corispermum declinatum)光合作用日变化的研究结果表明,沙米的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈单峰型,其最高峰出现在11:00左右。刺沙蓬的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均呈"双峰型",光合速率、蒸腾速率在9:00有一个峰值,而后在11:00有一个谷值,13:00至15:00出现一天中的最高峰值;而其气孔导度在早7:00是一天中的最高峰值,而后在13:00有一个谷值,其次高峰出现在15:00~ 17:00,与蒸腾作用的日变化表现出密切的相关性。虫实的光合速率只是在早7:00有一较小的高峰,其余时间基本维持在较低的水平,其蒸腾速率最高峰出现在11:00,气孔导度最高峰出现在9:00~ 11:00,15:00为一天中的最小值,17:00又有所回升,而后开始下降。就3种一年生植物比较而言,在早7:00时光合速率相差不大,随着气温的升高,虫实的光合速率逐渐下降,而沙米和刺沙蓬的光合速率逐渐增高,比虫实的光合速率提高了4~ 6倍。刺沙蓬出现了明显的蒸腾午休现象,这可能是由于刺沙蓬的叶为肉质叶,它对周围环境变化的反应更灵敏,其调控机制变得活跃了,利用蒸腾午休来降低植物水分散失的效率,保证叶片相对稳定的含水量。沙米和虫实的蒸腾速率变化不如刺沙蓬大, 且蒸腾速率的日变化仍表现为单峰型, 从这一点来说, 沙米和虫实对干旱环境的反应不如刺沙蓬敏感。     

干旱对解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)FZB42生物被膜的形成及根际定殖能力的影响

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)FZB42是一种植物根际促生菌(PGPR),能够促进植物生长,提高植物抵抗病害\,干旱和盐胁迫的能力。但关于干旱胁迫下解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42自身生物被膜形成能力及根际定殖能力的研究鲜见报道。利用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,进行渗透势分别为-0.05、-0.50、-1.48、-2.95 MPa的干旱胁迫处理,测定分析此胁迫条件对解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的生长、生物被膜的形成、根际定殖能力以及胞外多糖产量的影响,为进一步阐明解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42对提高植物的抗干旱能力提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)高浓度的PEG-6000能够显著抑制解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的生长、生物被膜的形成及在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)根际的定殖能力。当添加15%PEG-6000时,生物被膜吸光度(OD600)和根际定殖数量达到最低值,分别为1.542和1 500 cfu·mm^-1。(2)解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42的胞外多糖分泌量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加。不添加PEG-6000时,胞外多糖含量最低为150.2 mg·L^-1。当添加15%PEG-6000时,胞外多糖的产量最高为568.8 mg·L^-1。     

不同水分条件下梭梭和多花柽柳苗期光合特性及抗旱性比较

在新疆墨玉县对不同水分条件下大田栽植的梭梭和多花柽柳苗期的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）等光合生理指标进行了测定,同时测定了不同灌水量下梭梭和多花柽柳在不同时刻的叶片水势,以及两树种叶片的稳定碳同位素比率。结果表明:①梭梭和多花柽柳的水势在一天中的变化趋势呈“V”字型,不同处理下多花柽柳的水势日平均值略大于梭梭。②不同灌水量对梭梭和多花柽柳的水分利用效率影响不显著,在相同处理下,梭梭的水分利用效率总是大于多花柽柳。③梭梭的δ13C值为-12.65‰～-13.39‰,多花柽柳的δ13C值为-26.85‰～-27.70‰。梭梭的δ13C值显著大于多花柽柳（P<0.05）,表明梭梭的长期水分利用效率较高。④运用隶属函数综合各个指标的比较结果来看,梭梭的抗旱性强于多花柽柳。     

Antifouling activities of marine bacteria associated with sponge (Sigmadocia sp.)

The present study aimed at assessing the antifouling activity of bacteria associated with marine sponges. A total of eight bacterial strains were isolated from the surface of sponge Sigmadocia sp., of them, SS02, SS05 and SS06 showed inhibitory activity against biofilm-forming bacteria. The extracts of these 3 strains considerably affected the extracellular polymeric substance producing ability and adhesion of biofilm-forming bacterial strains. In addition to disc diffusion assay, microalgal settlement assay was carried out with the extracts mixed with polyurethane wood polish and coated onto stainless steel coupons. The extract of strain SS05 showed strong microalgal settlement inhibitory activity. Strain SS05 was identified as Bacillus cereus based on its 16S rRNA gene. Metabolites of the bacterial strains associated with marine invertebrates promise to be developed into environment-friendly antifouling agents.     

三江平原12种湿地植物光合特性与叶功能性状的关系研究

采用野外气体交换测量和实验室分析等方法,对三江平原湿地12种优势草本植物的光合生理指标、植物叶功能性状指标及其关系进行了研究.结果表明,12种草本植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、叶干物质含量等指标,在不同植物科、种间表现出了一定的差异性;12种植物中,有10种植物的植物气孔导度介于0.15～0.40 mol/(m2·s)之间;胞间CO2含量在植物间的变异相对比较平缓(250μmol/mol左右);燕子花(Iris laevigata)的叶绿素含量最大,毛苔草(Carex lasiocapa)的最小,前者的叶绿素含量是后者的24.4倍;12种植物中,有9种植物叶片氮含量介于1.5～2.0 mg/g之间.Pearson相关和线性回归分析表明,12种植物叶片的平均比叶面积值与其相应的平均氮含量有显著正相关关系(R2=0.73,p<0.01),平均含水量与其相应的平均叶绿素含量、平均比叶面积也呈显著正相关关系(前者R2=0.615,p<0.05;后者R2=0.664,p<0.05).同时,12种植物的叶功能性状指标与光合生理指标关系密切,最大光合速率与其相应的单位干质量水平上的平均叶片氮含量、平均比叶面积之间存在着显著的正相关关系(前者R2=0.571,p<0.05;后者R2=0.861,p<0.01).     

Comparison of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics between the two photosynthetic organs of the desert plant Hedysarum scoparium

The desert plant Hedysarum scoparium uses leaflets and rachises as its photosynthetic organs. The abundance of leaflets was lower under unfavorable environmental conditions and higher with improved water conditions. To examine the characteristics associated with the adaptation of H. scoparium to its environment, we selected plants with both compound leaves and rachis without leaflets to study the anatomical structures and gas exchange characteristics of the two organs. The results show that the water storage tissues in rachises were more developed compared with the leaflets. The diurnal courses of the net photosynthetic rate for the rachis and the leaflet were both in a bimodal pattern. Meanwhile, both two peak values of the rachis were significantly higher than those of the leaflet. The daily average transpiration rate was significantly higher in the rachis than in the leaflet in order to lower the temperature of the rachises. It was concluded that under desert drought conditions, the leaflets of H. scoparium were partially or completely degraded to reduce the transpiration area as an adaptive response to water deficit, and only the rachises were retained as photosynthetic organ. The rachises were found to be better suited to a desert habitat than the leaflets.     

3种荒漠植物幼苗生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应

选取荒漠地区广泛分布的3种多年生草本植物骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）、骆驼蹄瓣（Zygophyllum fabago）和盐生车前（Plantago maritima）,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应。结果表明: ①中等浓度和高浓度氮处理均能够促进3种植物生物量的增加。施氮浓度增加后,骆驼刺的根重和根长均增加,但是骆驼蹄瓣和盐生车前却降低。随着氮浓度增加,冠根比（S/R）亦增加,说明氮沉降增加能够促进生产力尤其是地上生产力增加。②随着氮浓度的增加, 植物的净光合速率（包括最大净光合速率）、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白增加。骆驼刺和盐生车前的瞬时水分利用效率表现为降低,而骆驼蹄瓣则表现为增加。3种植物可溶性糖含量随氮浓度的增加而减少。3种植物的光合生理特征响应能够很好地与生长相对应,在光合生理受到氮素营养限制时,其植物的生长较慢。当解除营养限制时,光合增加、可溶性糖减少,植物生物量增加。     

低溶氧生物膜反应器对城郊低浓度混合污水进入湿地前的预处理

采用低溶氧生物膜反应器对滇池北岸村镇混合污水进行预处理,旨在去除难以自然沉淀的固体污染物,便于后续湿地深度净化.以小试规模在现场自然条件下进行了12个月的连续动态模拟实验,结果表明,水力负荷3-12m31/(m2d)、气水比为1:1-2:1、DO浓度基本维持在O.1-2.Omg/L时,生物膜反应器对污水中有机物能够有效去除,进水COD负荷低于0.58kg/(m3d的情况下.去除率可稳定在60%以上.低溶氧条件下生物膜脱落缓慢,膜厚度达到 800pm,增强了对进水SS的拦截、吸附作用.SS平均去除率达到了90.7%.实验发现低溶氧条件下系统对氮、磷仍具有一定的去除效果.降低曝气量后运行能耗明显减小,以4000t/d的处理规模计算,运行费用在0.05-0.1元/t尽管混合污水中COD、SS浓度波动范围大,但反应器出水及生物膜的生长都能保持相对稳定,为后续湿地系统的稳定运行提供了保障,试验为滇池流域城郊水污染控制提供了新的技术途径与应用参考.     

Grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Xiamen Bay using pigment-specific dilution technique

Phytoplankton group-specific growth and microzooplankton grazing were determined seasonally using the dilution technique with high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） in the Xiamen Bay, a subtropical bay in southeast China, between May 2003 and February 2004. The results showed that growth rates of phytoplankton ranged from 0.71 to 2.2 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in May. Mierozooplankton grazing rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in August. Microzooplankton grazing impact ranged from 39% to 95% on total phytoplankton Chl a biomass, and 65% to 181% on primary production. The growth and grazing rates of each phytoplankton group varied, the highest growth rate （up to 3.3 d^-1 ） was recorded for diatoms in August, while the maximum grazing rate （ up to 2.1 d ^-1 ） was recorded for chlorophytes in February in the inner bay. Among main phytoplankton groups, grazing pressure of microzooplankton ranged from 10% to 83% on Chl a biomass, and from 14% to 151% on primary production. The highest grazing pressure on biomass was observed for cryptophytes （83%） in August, while the maximum grazing pressure on primary production was observed for eyanobacteria （up to 151% ） in December in the inner bay. Net growth rates of larger phytoplanktons （diatoms and dinoflagellates） were higher than those of smaller groups （ prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria）. Relative preference index showed that microzooplankton grazed preferentially on prasinophytes and avoided to harvest diatoms in cold seasons （December and February）.